Alt Text for Complex Images

Describing complex visual content, such as flowcharts and diagrams, can be difficult.

When using complex visuals, ensure all users:

• Are aware there is an image with information
• Understand the nature and purpose of the image
• Are informed that the image is complex
• Know how and where to get more information (if appropriate) ^[1]

On this page:

• Complex Visual Workflow
• Beyond Alt Text
• Further Reading

Complex Visual Workflow:

Adapted from Complex images – making sense for accessibility.

Use the following prompts to determine the best way to provide a text alternative to complex images:

Can the essential information be described in a few brief sentences?

1. If yes, type a description of the image using the [type] + [focus] + [details] outlined in the previous chapter.
2. If no, ask:

Does nearby text include the information in the image?

1. If yes, mark the image as decorative or use alt text to direct users to the text description.
2. If no, consider:

Is the information in the image available in other resources?

1. If yes, use the figure caption to link to the resource.
2. If no, consider using AI to generate an effective description.
   1. 1. Use Ian Linkletter’s Alt Text Assistant to create descriptive text.
      2. Or, use CoPilot to generate a description. Consider asking CoPilot to “outline the information in the image” or “describe the image in detail.”
      3. Google Gemini can describe images and may be useful.
      4. ASU Online AI Labs provides an Image Accessibility Creator, which will generate suggested alt text, a long description of the image, and a transcription of any text in the image. Results must be verified for accuracy. Read the AI-generated Alt Text chapter in this guide for more information.
      5. AI-generated descriptions are improving, but must be verified for accuracy. Read the AI-generated Alt Text chapter in this guide for more information.

If the description (AI-assisted or not) is more than a few sentences, format the output with paragraphs, headings, and lists. Include the long description in adjacent text or an appendix. Make reference to the long description in the alt text or include a link to the long description in the figure caption.

If no useful description can be created and/or it is not feasible to link to additional information, use the complex alt text formula explained to direct readers to a support contact for further details.

Complex Alt Text Formula

While the [Type] + [Focus] + [Details] alt text formula from the previous chapter is an excellent starting point, it may not be suitable for complex images. The World Wide Consortium has developed an expanded version:

“[Image type] illustrating [data type] showing [reason for including image]. This is a complex image and may require specific support for blind and low vision students – please contact [Name of designated person] if required.”

As an example, consider this model of the global carbon cycle:

​To completely describe the information in this image would be impossible within the constraints of alt text. However, applying the complex image formula may be helpful:

“[3D landscape model] illustrating [global carbon stores (Petagrams) and fluxes (Petagrams/year)] showing [the complexity of the cycle and the main impacts of human interference]. This is a complex image and may require specific support for blind and low vision students – please contact [your name] if required”.​ (Note: remove [ ] before including complex image formula as alt text).

Beyond Alt Text

As mentioned in the prior chapter, alt text should be brief. For a complex image, it may not be feasible to describe the image in 1 or 2 sentences. Additionally, alt text does not support lists or headings. Structured text is essential to make long text digestible for screenreader users. That is one of the reasons why alt text should be brief.

Additionally, alt text cannot contain links. However, links can be placed in figure captions. Links could be used to direct screenreader users to additional information about an image.

When alt text may not be sufficient due to length, formatting, or other concerns, use:

Adjacent text is the most accessible and inclusive practice. Adjacent text has no length limit and supports any desired structure, formatting, and styling. Providing text and images together is an effective method to reinforce important information and emphasize key points. Note, if an equivalent description is available in adjacent text, there is no need to populate the alt text field—mark the image decorative instead.

If adding a text description adjacent to the image is not feasible, provide the long description at the bottom of the page or in an appendix. Make reference to the location of the description in the alt text or provide a link to the description in the figure caption.

Figure captions are a text label associated with a visual. Figure captions are usually below or beside the graphic. Figure captions benefit all users by clearly identifying the image, its purpose, and its relation to the rest of the material. Figure captions can include attributions, links to more information, and contact details.

Equivalent Data for data visualizations is one of the few ways to provide chart or diagram data. Include table data or a long text description in an appendix, note, or footer. Use the figure caption to link to said data, or include a reference to available data in the alt text field. For example, “Refer to table 3 at the end of this chapter for more information about this chart”.

A best educational practice is to use images to reinforce information. Try to present information in text and add images to supplement and highlight key points and processes. By doing that, you may not need to describe complex images as the information is already provided in text format.