Maybe you have heard the story about how punctuation saves lives. Clearly, there is a difference between:

Let’s eat, Grandma!

OR

Let’s eat Grandma!

In addition to saving lives, using punctuation properly will help your writing be clean and clear and help you build your credibility as a writer.

The following pages will provide you with an overview of the basic rules regarding punctuation and will give you a chance to practice using the information you have learned.

Apostrophes

Do we really need apostrophes?

When you send a text message, you probably do not bother with apostrophes right? It makes sense that we might not worry about properly punctuating possessives and contractions in a text message, but it’s very important to remember that we do need to use apostrophes correctly in other writing situations.

Academics frequently debate about whether or not text messaging is going to kill the poor apostrophe. In his essay “Dear Apostrophe: C Ya,” Rob Jenkins (2012) writes, “[O]ne of my professors, talking about the way language evolves over time, predicted that the next evolutionary stage would involve common punctuation marks. Specifically, he said, the apostrophe would eventually cease to exist” (para. 1).

This may be true, but the apostrophe is not dead yet!

So if you have been text messaging so long that you forgot what the apostrophe is for, the following pages should be helpful.

Possessives

Using Apostrophes to Make Words Possessive

Beginning writers sometimes mistakenly add apostrophes to make words plural, but this is not how the apostrophe is used; the apostrophe is used to show possession or ownership.

Here’s a test you can use to determine whether an apostrophe is needed—we call it the “of” test. In other words, can you reword the sentence and substitute the apostrophe with “of”? Using an Apostrophe

If you just mean to make a word plural, you should not add an apostrophe. Here is an example of incorrect usage:

• The student’s planned to buy their books but played Xbox instead. (incorrect)

Here, you would not use an apostrophe because there is no ownership being established. You can double check this example and see that this use of the apostrophe would not pass the “of” test.

• The planned of the students just does not make sense.

The sentence above would not pass the test and should read as follows:

• The student’s planned to buy their books but played Xbox instead. (correct)

Plural Possessives

Making plural words possessive can be confusing at times because we so often

But the rules are pretty clear on this issue.

__________

To make plural nouns that do not end in s possessive, add ’s.

• the children’s scary books
• the mice’s tiny tails

__________

To make plural nouns that end in s possessive, add just the ’.

• my cats’ treasures
• our zombie fortresses’ weaknesses

Contractions

Using Apostrophes to Create Contractions

Apostrophes are also used in contractions where the apostrophe takes the place of letters that are omitted when you join two words. Here are some examples:

• I am = I’m
• you are = you’re
• it is = it’s
• did not = didn’t

You can also use an apostrophe to stand in for omitted numbers.

• I was born in ’75, and I’m feeling old.

It’s important to note that contractions and using apostrophes to stand in for omitted numbers is generally considered too informal for formal, academic writing.

Some students wonder why they should bother learning these rules, then. The answer is that there are plenty of writing situations where contractions are appropriate. It’s just that contractions are too informal for most of the formal papers you write for college and should be avoided in those situations.

Tips from the Professor

While most of the rules regarding apostrophes are pretty straightforward, there are some situations related to apostrophes that seem to give a lot of people a lot of trouble. Here are some helpful tips:

It’s is a contraction for it is. If you need to make it possessive, as in its creepy eyes, you shouldn’t use an apostrophe. Because of the contraction, the possessive its goes against the normal rules.

Sometimes, you’ll see writers use an apostrophe when referring to decades like the 1980’s. However, it’s standard now to write the 1980s without the apostrophe.

To make a compound word such as mother-in-law possessive, just add an ’s to the last word. Here is an example:

• My mother-in-law’s weekly phone calls make me really nervous.

If you need to show joint possession, only the last word should be made possessive, as illustrated in this example:

• Alex and Megan’s zombie-proof fence is certainly admirable.

LICENSES AND ATTRIBUTIONS

Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL). Located at: https://owl.excelsior.edu/ . This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-4.0 International License .