How to Cite Sources

Direct Quotations

When you use the exact words of someone else in your paper, this is known as a verbatim quote.  The words must be put inside quotation marks, and the source must be cited.

Example:

“Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes.” (Wilde, 1892).

NOTE: Direct quotations should be used sparingly.  No more than 10% of your paper should be made up of direct quotations.  When you want to use the idea but not the exact words, then use a paraphrase or summary.

Method of Citation

The citation may be made as an in-text citation, a footnote, or an endnote.

Example of in-text citation:

According to Levy (1997), the tutor-tool framework is useful.

Example of footnote or endnote:

According to Levy, the tutor-tool framework is useful. ¹

Bottom of page or chapter:

¹Michael Levy, Computer-Assisted Language Learning: Context and Conceptualization (New York: Oxford), 178. 

NOTE: In all cases, the source must also be included in the list of references at the end of your paper.

Style of Citation

The basic style guides are:

Modern Language Association (MLA)

American Psychological Association (APA)

Chicago Manual of Style

IMPORTANT: Ask your teacher which style to follow for their course.

LICENSES AND ATTRIBUTIONS

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