Creative Commons Attributions for Chapter Text

​[1] An Introduction to Geology by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, Cam Mosher is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[2] Natural Disasters and Human Impacts by R. Adam Dastrup, MA, GISP is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[3] Physical Geology – 2nd Edition by Steven Earle is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[4] Earth Science by Lumen Learning is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[5] Geology by Lumen Learning is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[6] Introduction to Environmental Science. 2nd Ed by Zehnder, C., Manoylov, K., Mutiti, S., Mutiti, C., VandeVoort, A. Galeleo Open Learning Materials is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[7] Introduction to Oceanography. by Webb, P. Roger Williams University. Creative Commons Attribution.

Media Assets

Fig 10.1 NASA/ Solar Dynamics Observatory. (2010). The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory – 20100819.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 3, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg

• The Sun photographed from space, our star fuels most of Earth’s processes.

Fig 10.2 left: NASA .(2012). Ocean phytoplankton bloom feed by the Amazon River.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 3, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg Right: NASA (2010). Phytoplankton types.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 3, 2021,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phytoplankton_types.jpg

• Phytoplankton (right) are micro-organisms that obtain their energy directly from the sun. The image shows a few of them seen through a microscope. Left. The bright colors in the satellite image illuminate places rich in Phyto and zooplankton.

Fig 10.3 Eikeskog 1225. (2020).1 Pangea_250.png. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 12, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triassic_250.png#/media/File:Triassic_250.png CC BY-SA 4.0

• Map of Early Triassic period showing the configuration of the continents.

Fig 10.4 Earle, S (n.d). The depth and temperature limits for biogenic gas, oil, and thermogenic gas. Physical Geology. – 2nd Edition. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,

• A plot with Depth in km to the left and temperature on the other axe showing 3 different colored areas. The areas correspond to the conditions needed to generate biogenic gass, oil and thermogenic gas

Fig 10.5 Earle, S (n.d). Migration of oil and gas from source rocks into traps in reservoir rocks. Physical Geology. – 2nd Edition. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,

• A cross-section of rock layers.  Source rocks of hydrocarbons are below upper rock units, which host the hydrocarbons that migrated from the source rocks. The host rocks are also known as reservoir rocks.

Fig 10.6 St. John, J. (2021). Bituminous coal (Upper Freeport Coal, Middle Pennsylvanian; Diamond Coal Mine, Linton, Ohio, USA) 5.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 12, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bituminous_coal_(Upper_Freeport_Coal,_Middle_Pennsylvanian;_Diamond_Coal_Mine,_Linton,_Ohio,_USA)_5.jpg

• A picture of a black shiny rock, with horizontal layers. this forms bituminous coal.

Fig 10.7 British Museum. (1900). Postcard, photographic print (BM Am, B73.52) [Photgraphy]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 12, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Postcard,_photographic_print_(BM_Am,B73.52).jpg. Public Domain

• This image shows a Diné woman collecting water from a pond. It shows that back in 1900 water occurred at the surface, contrary to today.

Fig 10.8 Howl Arts Collective. (2008). Tar sands in Alberta 2008. [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 12, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tar_sands_in_alberta_2008.jpg, CC-BY 2.0

Fig 10.9 van den Berg, N. (2020). Thailand, Bangkok. Unplash. Retrieved May 31, 2021, https://unsplash.com/photos/2vb-_3t6YCM

• Photo of a city covered with smog produced by photochemical contamination.

Fig 10.10 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2011). Pterapod shell dissolved in seawater adjusted to an ocean chemistry projected for the year 2100. jpg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg. Public Domain

• A sequence of images showing the progressive dissolution of a pteropod shell subjected to acid water.

Fig 10.11 Techni -Tom, aLBEDO-UKR. (2007). Uranium.gif. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranium.svg#/media/File:Uranium.svg. CC BY-SA 2.5

• Uranium symbol, atomic weight and atomic number

Fig 10.12 Zehnder, C., Manoylov, K., Mutiti, S., Mutiti, C., VandeVoort, A., & Bennett, D. (2018). Fission Chain Reaction. Retrieved from https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=biology-textbooks

• Concept diagram illustrating the process of a chain reaction of nuclear fission

Fig 10.13 St. John, J. (2015). Carnotite in sandstone (Montrose County, Colorado, USA) 3 (23530017065).jpg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 31, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotite_in_sandstone_(Montrose_County,_Colorado,_USA)_3_(23530017065).jpg CC BY 2.0

• Carnotite in sandstone from the Mesozoic of Colorado, USA. (public display, Minnesota Discovery Center, Chisholm, Minnesota, USA). Carnotite is the main uranium ore in the Americas.

Fig 10.14 Zehnder et al, (2018). Triptic composed of three images: Images A and B from NRC (public domain); C from RIA Novosti archive, image #132602 / Ruslan Krivobok / CC-BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=biology-textbooks p.18. 

• Uranium Fuel fabrication process. A) Uranium dioxide powder compressed into fuel pellets. B) Fuel pellets stacked and sealed in metal tubes forming fuel rods. C) Fuel rods are bundled into a fuel assembly.

Fig 10.15 Uhlik, C. (2010). Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station. jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 31, 2021 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PaloVerdeNuclearGeneratingStation.jpg#/media/File:PaloVerdeNuclearGeneratingStation.jpg 

• Aerial view of the Palo Verde nuclear generating station. Nuclear is one of the main sources of energy for Arizona.

Fig 10.16 Plastique (talk). (2009-2010). Uranium production-en.seg. [Diagram]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 6, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranium_production-en.svg

• A schematic representation of the process and material inputs used in the production of uranium.

Fig 10.17. AI_HikesAZ. (2011). Image showing a radioactive sign on a trail in the Grand Canyon. [Photograph]. Flickr, retrieved June 6, 2021, https://www.flickr.com/photos/alanenglish/6513573007

• The image of radiation on a Grand Canyon trail show how close to this State Park the Uranium mining has been.

Fig 10.18 NASA. (2008). Earth horizon and International Space Station solar panel array (Expedition 17 crew, August 2008).jpg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_horizon_and_International_Space_Station_solar_panel_array_(Expedition_17_crew,_August_2008).jpg

• Solar power is not only useful on Earth, but also on space. It powers the International Station and robots exploring other planets.

Fig 10.19 Flores, A. (2007). PS10 Solar power tower [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg

• Image of a solar power plant in Spain that generates electricity comercially.

Fig 10.20 Movilidad Sostenible. (2011). BYD F3DM solar panel.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BYD_F3DM_solar_panel.jpg

• Another less known application of solar panels: in hybrid vehicles.

Fig 10.21 Energy.gov (2012). Power county wind farm 002.jpg.Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Power_County_Wind_Farm_002.jpg

• A wind farm in southern California provides a local example to which many students will relate.

Fig 10.22 U.S. Department of Energy. (2005). Geothermal resource map US.png. [Map]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021,

References

Brugge D, Buchner V. Health effects of uranium: new research findings. Rev Environ Health. 2011;26(4):231-49. doi: 10.1515/reveh.2011.032. PMID: 22435323.

EIA

Instructor Resources

EPA() https://www3.epa.gov/region1/airquality/pm-what-is.html

EIA https://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=AZ#tabs-4

Grand Canyon Trust

NOAA Ocean acidification program 

Our world in data: https://ourworldindata.org/energy: Explore all the metrics – energy production, electricity consumption, and breakdown of fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear energy.

Virtual field trip to a solar farm with Sian Proctor:https://infiniscope.org/lesson/solar-energy-vft/   Educators create a free account on Infiniscope. The videos are also available on Youtube from her channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC57yWD0mbTf7xQnE9rMj4Uw

Instructor References

Pressbook Ch 10 Energy Resources