4.7 Thriving Near Volcanoes

Charlene Estrada

“Every act of creation is, first of all, an act of destruction.” -Pablo Picasso

Volcanic eruptions are deadly; molten lava destroys the surrounding land and vegetation, and unpredictable lahars will bury other regions downslope of the volcano. Even if a community is fortunate to survive a violent eruption accompanied with these and other hazards such as ash, toxic gases, and pyroclastic flows, these hazards can still cause fatalities, the death of livestock, and the immeasurable destruction of infrastructure such as buildings, homes, and farmlands.

As terrible as a volcanic eruption may be for our society, we also must acknowledge that without volcanism, life as we know it may never have begun on Earth! Volcanic activity is not simply limited to eruptions of lava, gases, or ash. Most active volcanoes are continuous sources of heat and chemicals. For our earliest ancestor on the planet (which was likely bacteria), which sought its energy from heat or chemicals, areas of volcanic activity were a gold mine!

An underwater, dark rock formation surrounded by small sea life. At the center, hot water is erupted out into the cold sea along with black minerals, which looks like black smoke.
Fig. 4.7.1. A “black-smoker” type hydrothermal vent. The black particles expelled underwater are metal solids made of elements such as iron, lead, copper, silver, and gold. These types of hydrothermal vents are powered by volcanic activity associated with divergent boundaries.

Literal gold mines are also sourced from volcanic activity, as are many other metals. Humans have had a long history of using igneous rocks and precious minerals to build industries and economies. Below, we will explore how volcanoes have transformed life on our planet, and how we have learned to harness the benefits of volcanic activity.

Hydrothermal Vents

An intriguing consequence of volcanism at Mid-Ocean Ridges are areas along the divergent boundary that heat up the seawater. This water reaches temperatures up to 380°C (716°F!). At such hot temperatures, the water can dissolve metallic elements from the igneous rocks. When that water circulates up to the rest of the ocean, it carries a surprise: the water is dark black!

Cold seawater moves down the cracks in the seafloor, is superheated by magma, and strips rocks of metals. The water rises and precipitates the metals as black smoke as chimneys of ore.
Fig. 4.7.2. Diagram demonstrating the movement of heat caused by volcanic activity at a hydrothermal vent.

These areas of very hot, mineral-rich water are called deep-sea hydrothermal vents. They are sites for economic and precious mineral deposition, but they are also areas where diverse ecosystems can thrive deep beyond the reach of sunlight. Hydrothermal vents that belch out dark plumes of minerals along with hot water are usually called “black smokers”.

Scientists are very interested in hydrothermal vents because there is a strong indication that some of the earliest lifeforms on Earth preferred very high temperatures of over 80°C. We do not know much about the very first life on Earth, except that it had to be very similar to a single celled bacterium, and that it did not have the capability to make its energy through photosynthesis. Some scientists suggest that the first life on Earth lived close to a hydrothermal vent, where it could keep warm and make its energy through an alternative method of eating the chemicals that are released through this volcanic process.

Hot Springs and Geysers

Water and high temperature rock do not just encounter one another deep in the ocean at Mid-Ocean Ridges. This process also regularly occurs on land. Volcanic activity keeps rock beneath our surface very hot; therefore, when water meets this rock at depth it, too, becomes superheated. This very hot water will find a way to rise to the surface, often through cracks in the layers of rock, and the end result is often exciting! We will observe that hot water shoot upward from underground as a geyser.

 

[Video Description: A large geyser, known as Old Faithful, continuously erupts hot water and steam up around 130 feet into the air, goes back down into the ground, and then erupts more to the cheers of surrounding tourists at Yellowstone National Park.]

Perhaps the most famous geyser in the United States is Old Faithful, at Yellowstone National Park. This region is affected by hot spot volcanism, and the geyser itself predictably erupts about 17 times each day [15].

A hot spring describes hot or warm water that has quietly pooled at the surface. As you might expect from the presence of Old Faithful, there are thousands of hot springs at Yellowstone! Like hydrothermal vents, hot springs provide a wealth of chemical and heat energy for microbes to thrive, which can lead to a wide range of differently colored springs, such as the Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone.

An aerial view of Grand Prismatic Spring, which is steaming and bright blue and ringed by rainbow colors of reds, oranges, and yellows caused.
Fig. 4.7.3. Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is a hot spring with a colorful border that is caused by bacteria that are attracted to the hot water.

Most hot springs are known in the media for their warm water that humans (and animals!) can soak in comfortably. Japan, which sits along a subduction zone with significant volcanic activity, has built a rich culture surrounding hot springs. Some hot springs contain unique concentrations of dissolved elements and minerals that have softened skin and (reportedly) relaxed tired muscles.

White "snow monkeys" are relaxing in the Jigokudani hot spring in snowy, Nagano Japan.
Fig. 4.7.4. Snow monkeys, or Japanese Macaques, bathing in the hot springs of Nagano, Japan.

Nevertheless, if you personally encounter a hot spring, DO NOT step into it, unless it has been approved as safe for human use! A lot of hot springs are extremely acidic, or extremely alkaline. Others are boiling hot, or contain toxic gases and chemicals. Nearly every year, there is a report of a tourist death or severe injury at Yellowstone National Park due to attempted bathing in the hot springs. In some of these unfortunate circumstances, the bodies of these individuals are dissolved in the acidic, boiling water within a day.

A warning bulletin at Yellowstone national park depicts a frightened child stepping on a geyser after wandering off the pathway. These warnings are meant to dissuade tourists from wandering into the deadly hot springs.
Fig. 4.7.5. A bulletin announcement for all national and international tourists to avoid stepping off the pathways at Yellowstone National Park.

BACKYARD GEOLOGY: HOT SPRINGS IN ARIZONA

There are many hot springs throughout the United States, and Arizona is no exception! Although the majority of our volcanoes are now extinct in Northern Arizona, hot springs can also be heated by warm rock at depth, caused by the geothermal gradient. When that warm water rises, it can have the same therapeutic benefits as springs in Japan. Two popular destinations are Castle Hot Springs (60 miles away) and Verde Hot Springs (100 miles away, pictured below). The hot springs in our state were traditionally believed by the Apache and Yavapai to hold healing properties [16], and should you experience an Arizona hot spring (maybe not in the summer) it will be easy to understand why!

Verde Hot Springs is a naturally-occurring deep spring of hot water people can bathe in off a hiking trail at Camp Verde near Prescott.
Fig. 4.7.6. Verde Hot Springs is a narrow, but deep pool of naturally-occurring hot water that can be found off a hiking trail in Camp Verde near Prescott.

A Wealth of Resources

Most volcanic activity is great for business. Pompeii and Mount Vesuvius. The Hawaiian Islands. Arequipa and El Misti. Tokyo and Fuji-san. Historically, there have been many civilizations around volcanoes, and this was not bad luck or coincidence. When lava cools, it becomes igneous rock. When igneous rock is eventually weathered, it provides the land with fertile soil for agriculture.

Volcanoes also leave deposits of precious minerals such as gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron, and nickel. Many of these are precipitated by the “black-smoker” hydrothermal vents. Volcanoes more commonly deposit igneous rocks such as granite that have been used as sturdy building materials.

A wall made of granite bricks cemented together
Fig. 4.7.7.Granite is a popular building material in construction because the minerals that compose this rock naturally resist weathering from humid weather, rain, and snow. Granite is both hard and durable.

Some of the most amazing landscapes are near volcanoes because volcanic activity builds land and creates breathtaking scenery. The volcanoes themselves are economically vital for many regions because of the recreational activity and tourism they bring [1]. As terrifying as an eruption at Yellowstone may be, this region is one of the most frequented parks by international tourists in the United States!

Sunset Crater has a dedicated visitor center with a walkable path for tourists near the lava fields. Pictured here is an interactive exhibit for tourists at the visitor's center.
Fig. 4.7.8. There are visitor centers and gift shops associated with volcanic sites like Sunset Crater.

Geothermal Energy

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Fig. 4.7.9. “Geothermal Energy” is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.

Geothermal energy is becoming a rising alternative source of energy. “Geothermal” references the fact that heat is being sources from the Earth, or in this situation, volcanic activity at depth. Volcanic activity generates heat, which can be harnessed to create electricity [1]. In some regions, there is enough geothermal power to completely replace our more traditional methods of generating electricity such as burning fossil fuels, and this method does not produce additional greenhouse gases.

Which regions would benefit most from geothermal energy? Follow the volcanoes. Hawaii, particularly at the world’s most active volcano of Kilauea, is an excellent source of American geothermal energy. Iceland also significantly benefits from this natural resource since it sits along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Around 85% of the homes in that country are already powered by geothermal energy [17].

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Fig. 4.7.10. “Nesjavellir Power Station in Southwest Iceland” is licensed under Public Domain.
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