Now that you reviewed the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system and common musculoskeletal conditions, let’s discuss the components of a routine nursing assessment.

Subjective Assessment

Collect subjective data from the patient and pay particular attention to what the patient is reporting about current symptoms, as well as past history of musculoskeletal injuries and disease. Information during the subjective assessment should be compared to expectations for the patient’s age group or that patient’s baseline. For example, an older patient may have chronic limited range of motion in the knee due to osteoarthritis, whereas a child may have new, limited range of motion due to a knee sprain that occurred during a sports activity.

If the patient reports a current symptom, use the PQRSTU method described in the “Health History” chapter to obtain more information about this chief complaint. If the patient is experiencing acute pain or recent injury, focus on providing pain relief and/or stabilization of the injury prior to proceeding with the interview. Use information obtained during the subjective assessment to guide your physical examination. Sample focused interview questions to include during a subjective assessment of the musculoskeletal system are contained in Table 13.4a. The first question of the musculoskeletal interview is based on the six most common symptoms related to musculoskeletal disease.^[1]

Table 13.4a Focused Interview Questions Related to the Musculoskeletal System

Life Span Considerations

When conducting a subjective interview of children, additional information may be obtained from the parent or legal guardian.

Newborn

• Did your baby experience any trauma during labor and delivery?
• Did the head come first during delivery of your baby? Was the baby in breech position requiring delivery by Caesarean section?
• Were forceps used during delivery?
• Have you been told your infant has a “click” within the hip(s)?
• Do you have any concern with your baby moving any joints, extremities, or neck normally? If so, describe.

Pediatric

• Has your child ever had a broken bone? If so, how was it treated?
• Has your child had any dislocation of a joint?
• Have you noticed any abnormality with your child’s spine, toes, feet, or hands? If so, describe.
• Does your child have any difficulty walking, jumping, or playing? If so, describe.
• Is your child involved in sports or organized physical activities? Do you have any concerns about your child being physically able to perform these activities?

Older Adults

When assessing older adults, it is important to assess their mobility and their ability to perform activities of daily living.

• Do you use any assistive devices such as a brace, cane, walker, or wheelchair?
• Have you fallen or had any near falls in the past few months? If so, was there any injury or did you seek medical care?
• Describe your mobility as of today. Have you noticed any changes in your ability to complete your usual daily activities such as walking, going to the bathroom, bathing, doing laundry, or preparing meals? If so, do you have any assistance available?

Objective Assessment

The purpose of a routine physical exam of the musculoskeletal system by a registered nurse is to assess function and to screen for abnormalities. Most information about function and mobility is gathered during the patient interview, but the nurse also observes the patient’s posture, walking, and movement of their extremities during the physical exam.

During a routine assessment of a patient during inpatient care, a registered nurse typically completes the following musculoskeletal assessments:

• Assess gait
• Inspect the spine
• Observe range of motion of joints
• Inspect muscles and extremities for size and symmetry
• Assess muscle strength
• Palpate extremities for tenderness^[2]

While assessing an older adult, keep in mind they may have limited mobility and range of motion due to age-related degeneration of joints and muscle weakness. Be considerate of these limitations and never examine any areas to the point of pain or discomfort. Support the joints and muscles as you assess them to avoid pain or muscle spasm. Compare bilateral sides simultaneously and expect symmetry of structure and function of the corresponding body area.

Inspection

General inspection begins by observing the patient in the standing position for postural abnormalities. Observe their stance and note any abnormal curvature of the spine such as kyphosis, lordosis, or scoliosis. Ask the patient to walk away from you, turn, and walk back toward you while observing their gait and balance.

Ask the patient to sit. Inspect the size and contour of the muscles and joints and if the corresponding parts are symmetrical. Notice the skin over the joints and muscles and observe if there is tenderness, swelling, erythema, deformity, or asymmetry. Observe how the patient moves their extremities and note if there is pain with movement or any limitations in active range of motion (ROM). Active range of motion is the degree of movement the patient can voluntarily achieve in a joint without assistance. See Figures 13.9 and 13.10 as resources for describing joint movement.

Palpation

Palpation is typically done simultaneously during inspection. As you observe, palpate each joint for warmth, swelling, or tenderness. If you observe decreased active range of motion, gently attempt passive range of motion by stabilizing the joint with one hand while using the other hand to gently move the joint to its limit of movement. Passive range of motion is the degree of range of motion demonstrated in a joint when the examiner is providing the movement. You may hear crepitus as the joint moves. Crepitus sounds like a crackling, popping noise that is considered normal as long as it is not associated with pain. As the joint moves, there should not be any reported pain or tenderness.

Assess muscle strength. Muscle strength should be equal bilaterally, and the patient should be able to fully resist an opposing force. Muscle strength varies among people depending on their activity level, genetic predisposition, lifestyle, and history. A common method of evaluating muscle strength is the Medical Research Council Manual Muscle Testing Scale.^[3] This method involves testing key muscles from the upper and lower extremities against gravity and the examiner’s resistance and grading the patient’s strength on a 0 to 5 scale. See Box 13.4 for the muscle strength testing scale.

To assess upper extremity strength, first begin by assessing bilateral hand grip strength. Extend your index and second fingers on each hand toward the patient and ask them to squeeze them as tightly as possible. Then, ask the patient to extend their arms with their palms up. As you provide resistance on their forearms, ask the patient to pull their arms towards them. Finally, ask the patient to place their palms against yours and press while you provide resistance. See Figure 13.25^[5] for images of a nurse assessing upper extremity strength.

To assess lower extremity strength, perform the following maneuvers with a seated patient. Place your palms on the patient’s thighs and ask them to lift their legs while providing resistance. Secondly, place your hands behind their calves and ask them to pull their legs backwards while you provide resistance. Place your hands on the top of their feet and ask them to pull their feet upwards against your resistance. Finally, place your hands on the soles of their feet and ask them to press downwards while you provide resistance, instructing them to “press downwards like pressing the gas pedal on a car.” See Figure 13.26^[6] for images of a nurse assessing lower extremity strength.

See Table 13.4b for a comparison of expected versus unexpected findings when assessing the musculoskeletal system.

Table 13.4b Expected Versus Unexpected Findings on Musculoskeletal Assessment