Chapter Text Attributions

Chapter Sections are taken from open source authors in their entirety, but were sometimes edited for clarity or new examples provided.  Authorship as follows with associated in-text references and media:

Text for Entire Chapter

Earle, S (2019). Physical Geology – 2nd Edition  https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/ is licensed under CC-BY except where noted.

Media

8.0.1,  © Steven Earle. CC BY.

8.1

8.1.1: “Sketch of the succession of strata and their relative altitudes” by William Smith. Adapted by Steven Earle. Public domain.

8.1.2, 8.1.3, 8.1.4: © Steven Earle. CC BY.

8.2

8.2.1ab, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, 8.2.4, 8.2.5: © Steven Earle. CC BY.

8.3

8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 8.3.4 (right): © Steven Earle. CC BY.

8.3.4 (left): © Steven Earle. CC BY. Based on data in R. Scott, 2014, “A Cretaceous chronostratigraphic database: construction and applications,” Carnets de Géologie, Vol. 14.

8.3.5: © Steven Earle. CC BY. Based on data at obtained from Lower Turonian Euramerican Inoceramidae: A morphologic, taxonomic, and biostratigraphic overview.

8.4

8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.4.3, 8.4.4: © Steven Earle. CC BY.

8.4.5: © Steven Earle. CC BY. From J. Clague, 1976, Quadra Sand and its relation to late Wisconsin glaciation of southeast British Columbia, Can. J. Earth Sciences, V. 13, p. 803-815.

8.4.6 (left): “Zircon microscope” © Chd. CC BY-SA.

Figure 8.4.6b: © Steven Earle. CC BY. From data in Huang, C, 2018, Refining the chronostratigraphy of the lower Nanaimo Group, Vancouver Island, Canada, using Detrital Zircon Geochronology, MSc thesis, Department of Earth Science, Simon Fraser University, 74 p.

8.5

8.5.1, 8.5.4, 8.5.5: © Steven Earle. CC BY.

8.5.2: © Steven Earle. CC BY. From data in Yamaguchi, D.K., B.F. Atwater, D.E. Bunker, B.E. Benson, and M.S. Reid. 1997. Tree-ring dating the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. Nature, Vol. 389, pp. 922 – 923, 30 October 1997.

8.5.3: “Geomagnetic polarity late Cenozoic” by the USGS. Adapted by Steven Earle. Public domain.