5.8 Attributions and References

Chapter Text Attributions

This Chapter was taken entirely from

Estrada, C., Londono Michel, C., and Wilson, M (2021) Dynamic Planet:  Exploring Geological Disaster and Environmental Changehttps://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ Licensed under CC-BY-NC-SA except where noted.

and referenced as follows:

[1] ​Dastrup, R. Adam. (2020, Jun 1). Tectonic Forces. Physical Geography and Natural Disasters. https://slcc.pressbooks.pub/physicalgeography/chapter/4-1/

[2] House Mountain, Verde Valley, Arizona. (2008, Nov). Arizona Geological Survey. https://azgs.arizona.edu/photo/house-mountain-verde-valley-arizona

[3] An Introduction to Geology by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, Cam Mosher is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[4] Ashfall is the most widespread and frequent volcanic hazard. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/ashfall-most-widespread-and-frequent-volcanic-hazard

[5] Volcanoes Can Affect Climate. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/volcanoes-can-affect-climate

[6] Comprehensive monitoring provides timely warnings of volcano reawakening. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/monitoring

[7] Monitoring Volcano Seismicity Provides Insight to Volcanic Structure. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/monitoring-volcano-seismicity-provides-insight-volcanic-structure

[8] Movement on the Surface Provides Information About the Subsurface. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/movement-surface-provides-information-about-subsurface

[9] Volcanic gases and water include chemical signatures of magma. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/volcanic-gases-and-water

[10] Sunset Crater. (n.d.). Arizona Geological Survey. https://azgs.arizona.edu/azgs-photo-tags/sunset-crater

[11] Learn about volcano hazard zones where you live or visit. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/learn-about-volcano-hazard-zones-where-you-live-or-visit

[12] Be informed. Make a plan. Build a kit. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/be-informed-make-a-plan-build-a-kit

[13] During volcanic unrest, follow recommendations from officials. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/during-volcanic-unrest-follow-recommendations-officials

[14] Impacts from volcanic events can last for months to years after the eruption ends. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/impacts-volcanic-events-can-last-months-years-after-eruption-ends

[15] Old Faithful Geyser Frequently Asked Questions. (2018, Jul 6). National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/oldfaithfulgeyserfaq.htm

[16] Olson, C. and Whitley, K. (2011). Castle Hot Springs. Arizona Heritage Waters. http://www.azheritagewaters.nau.edu/loc_Castle_Hot.html

[17] Energy. (n.d.). Government of Iceland. https://www.government.is/topics/business-and-industry/energy/

Creative Commons Resources for Chapter Text

The following resources have been used for research, starting points, and inspiration for this chapter and are available to all under Fair Use or Creative Commons Licensing. Unless otherwise noted in Attributed References or Media Assets, materials have been significantly reworked by this text’s authors.

​Dastrup, R. Adam. (2020, Jun 1). Physical Geography and Natural Disasters. https://slcc.pressbooks.pub/physicalgeography/CC BY-NC-SA.​

An Introduction to Geology by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, Cam Mosher is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Geology by Lumen Learning is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Earth Science by Lumen Learning is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Natural Disasters and Human Impacts by R. Adam Dastrup, MA, GISP is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Physical Geology – 2nd Edition by Steven Earle is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Introduction to Oceanography by Paul Webb is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

United States Geological Survey (USGS) is licensed under Public Domain.

Google Earth is available as Fair Use under Section 107 of the United States Copyright Act.

Media Assets

All images, videos, animations, and H5P activities within this chapter are licensed under Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.

 

Figure 4.1. The Geothermal Gradient within Earth.

4.1

Figure 4.1.1. Different parts of a volcano.

Figure 4.1.2. Eruption of a lava fountain.

Figure 4.1.3. Diagram of magma forming at depth and rising toward a volcano and erupting as lava.

Fig. 4.1.4. Decompression melting of magma at a divergent boundary.

Figure 4.1.4. Subduction of a tectonic plate causes flux melting and volcanism.

geolinde. (2019, Mar 12). “Mount St.Helens.” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WojOleI9C2s

Earth Rocks! (2019, Jan 23). “Magma Viscosity.” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgwfH3wkfA4

Fig. 4.1.6. Types of mafic lava flows.

4.2

Fig. 4.2.1. Cone-shaped volcano structure.

Fig. 4.2.2. Schematic of a cinder cone volcano.

Fig. 4.2.3. Lava dome located at Volcán Chaitén, Chile.

Fig. 4.2.4. The Mayon Stratovolcano in the Philippines.

Fig. 4.2.5. Mount St. Helens and surrounding landscape in an interactive model.

Fig. 4.2.6. Sierra Grande shield volcano in New Mexico.

Fig. 4.2.7. Hawaiian Islands as examples of shield volcanism.

Fig. 4.2.8. House Mountain shield volcano near Sedona, AZ.

Fig. 4.2.9. Crater Lake Caldera.

Fig. 4.2.10. Diagram showing process of caldera lake formation.

Fig. 4.2.11. Map showing extent of the Siberian flood basalts in Russia.

Fig. 4.2.12. Cross-section of Yellowstone hotspot and caldera.

Fig. 4.2.13. Relief map of area affected by potential Yellowstone eruption.

4.3

Fig. 4.3.1. Cast of a sitting victim from Pompeii.

Fig. 4.3.2. A pyroclastic flow at Mayon Volcano.

Doreen Gurney. (2020, Apr 12). “Insane Lahar Volcanic Mudslide Compilation!” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9080YePWKY

Fig. 4.3.3. Lahar moving down Mount St. Helens.

Fig. 4.3.4. A building crushed under the weight of ash piled on top of a roof from the Mount Pinatubo eruption.

Fig. 4.3.5. A plume of ash from the eruption at Mount Cleveland.

Fig. 4.3.6. Volcanic gases and the hazards they present when they interact with Earth’s atmosphere.

4.4

Deep Carbon. (2016, Oct 6). “DCO Scientists Closer to Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions.” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OakojF4lzc4

Fig. 4.4.1. The different techniques scientists use to monitor volcanoes.

Science Ping. (2018, Dec 11). “Clues In The Ash: Predicting Volcanic Eruptions.” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJR-Mrzq1-o

Fig. 4.4.2. Seismograms of earthquake swarms prior to a volcanic eruption.

Fig. 4.4.3. The slope and top of Mount St. Helens bulging prior to its eruption.

Fig. 4.4.4. Schematic demonstration how inSAR monitoring works.

Fig. 4.4.5. A large gas monitoring station at Mount St. Helens that a man can sit on.

4.5

Fig. 4.5.1. The USGS Volcano Hazards Program monitoring world Map.

  • USGS. (2021, May 6). “U.S. Volcanoes and Current Activity Alerts.” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/volcano Public Domain.

Fig. 4.5.2. Ocean floor relief map highlighting mid-ocean ridges.

Fig. 4.5.3. The Pacific Ring of Fire.

Fig. 4.5.4. Cross-section of the Hawaiian Hot Spot.

Fig. 4.5.5. Cross-section of the Yellowstone Continental hot spot.

Fig. 4.5.6. Aerial view of Sunset Crater in Northern Arizona.

4.6

Fig. 4.6.1. Lava flow hazard map of Hawaii.

Fig. 4.6.2. Emergency preparedness kit advert in Alaska.

Fig. 4.6.3. A standard emergency preparedness kit from the American Red Cross.

Fig. 4.6.4. Illustration of a hiker finding higher ground to avoid lava flows.

Fig. 4.6.5. People listening to the radio for updates indoors during a volcanic eruption.

Fig. 4.6.6. Man carefully cleaning his car windshield of volcanic ash after an eruption.

4.7

Fig. 4.7.1. A “black-smoker” type hydrothermal vent.

Fig. 4.7.2. Diagram showing a cross-section of a hydrothermal vent.

jsj1771. (2014, Oct 19). “Old Faithful Geyser (HD)” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXZ-BEQdeqU&t=2s

Fig. 4.7.3. Grand Prismatic Hot Spring, Yellowstone National Park.

Fig. 4.7.4. Snow monkeys relaxing in a Japanese hot spring.

Fig. 4.7.5. Bulletin warning to avoid stepping away from the solid pathways at Yellowstone National Park.

Fig. 4.7.6. Verde Hot Springs soaking pool in Northern Arizona.

Fig. 4.7.7. Durable granite brick wall.

Fig. 4.7.8. Sunset Crater Visitor Center Interactive Exhibit.

Fig. 4.7.9. Schematic explaining how volcanic activity/ geothermal energy can generate power.

Fig. 4.7.10. A geothermal power station found in Iceland.

Instructor Resources

Chapter 4 Volcanoes_text only

 

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