3.11 Attributions and References

Chapter Text Attributions

Chapter Sections are taken from open source authors in their entirety, but were sometimes edited for clarity or new examples provided.  Authorship as follows with associated attributions:

3.1, 3.7, 3.8, 3.10 Dynamic Planet:  Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change by Estrada, Londono Michel, and Wilson is licensed under CC-CY-NC-SA.

3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6  Physical Geology – 2nd Edition by Steven Earle is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Media Assets

All images, videos, animations, and H5P activities within this chapter are licensed under Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.

3.1

Fig. 3.1.1. Quartz crystals.

Fig. 3.1.2. State of matter (solid, liquid, and gas).

Fig. 3.1.3. Crystal structure of Halite.

Fig. 3.1.4. Frozen X-ray Diffractometer in action

FuseSchool – Global Education. (May 5, 2020). What Is An Element, Mixture And Compound? | Properties of Matter | Chemistry | FuseSchool. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZ6Ap8Zyb9w

Fig. 3.1.5. Periodic Table of Elements

Fig. 3.1.6. Trilobite eyes

Fig. 3.1.7. Lab-grown diamonds

3.2

Figure 3.2.1: Helium Atom QM. © Yzmo. CC BY-SA.

3.3

Figures 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.5 and 3.3.6 (right): © Steven Earle. CC BY.

Figure 3.3.6 (left): Halite. © Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com. CC BY-SA.

3.6

Figure 3.6.1: © Steven Earle. CC BY.

Figure 3.6.2: © Isaac Earle. CC BY.

3.7

Fig. 3.7.1. Quartz crystal cluster.

Alda Awad. (2017, Aug 18). Matter & minerals: physical properties. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No9VpiQGzME

Fig. 3.7.2. Malachite and azurite.

Fig. 3.7.3. Colors of quartz

Fig. 3.7.4 Hematite streak

Fig. 3.7.5 Pyrite and rhodochrosite streak

Fig. 3.7.6 Adamantine diamond

Fig. 3.7.7 Vitreous quartz

Fig. 3.7.8 Silky selenite

Fig. 3.7.9 Greasy graphite

Fig. 3.7.10 Waxy mimetite

Fig. 3.7.11 Dull kaolinite

Fig. 3.7.12 Metallic pyrite

Fig. 3.7.13 Prismatic quartz

Fig. 3.7.14 Acicular rutile

Fig. 3.7.15 Micaceous muscovite

  • Jeff-o-matic. (2007, Dec 23). “Muscovite 1a.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/18903185@N07/2166409762 CC BY-NC 2.0.

Fig. 3.7.16 Botryoidal hemimorphite

Fig. 3.7.17 Equant zircons

Fig. 3.7.18 Bladed diopside

Fig. 3.7.19 Massive cobaltite

Jennifer Cash. (Aug 6, 2020). Demonstrations of mineral cleavage. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iycXcQnf75s

Fig. 3.7.20 Muscovite with basal cleavage

Fig. 3.7.21 Orthoclase with 2-directional 90 degree cleavage

Fig. 3.7.22 Albite with 2-directional non-perpendicular cleavage

Fig. 3.7.23 Halite with cubic cleavage

Fig. 3.7.24 Calcite with rhombohedral cleavage

Fig. 3.7.25 Fluorite with octahedral cleavage

Fig. 3.7.26 Conchoidal fracture in quartz

Fig. 3.7.27 Mohs Hardness Scale of Minerals

Fig. 3.7.28 Magnetic magnetite

Fig. 3.7.29 Bright, neon fluorescent minerals

Fig. 3.7.30 Optical calcite showing double refraction

Fig. 3.7.31 Polished ulexite/ TV Stone

3.8

Wendy Van Norden. (Jul 7, 2012). Identifying Common Minerals.mp4. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2zFLCZKTQk

Fig. 3.8.1 Gold nugget

Fig. 3.8.2 Silver

Fig. 3.8.3 Copper

Fig. 3.8.4 Polished and cut diamond

Fig. 3.8.5 Graphite

Fig. 3.8.6 Sulfur

Fig. 3.8.7 Cluster of quartz

Fig. 3.8.8 Orthoclase

Fig. 3.8.9 Plagioclase Moonstone

  • James St. John. (2012, May 7). “Moonstone (iridescent peristerite-oligoclase feldspar) (Chupa Pegmatite Field, Mesoproterozoic, 1.75 to 2.10 Ga; at or near Chupa Bay, Karelia, Russia) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/14936848270 CC BY 2.0.

Fig. 3.8.10 Muscovite

Fig. 3.8.11 Biotite

Fig. 3.8.12 Kaolinite

Fig. 3.8.13 Talc

Fig. 3.8.14 Almandine Garnets

Fig. 3.8.15 Hornblende

Fig. 3.8.16 Enstatite

Fig. 3.8.17 Olivine

Fig. 3.8.18 Calcite

Fig. 3.8.19 Dolomite

Fig. 3.8.20 Malachite

Fig. 3.8.21 Azurite

Fig. 3.8.22 Gypsum

Fig. 3.8.23 Anhydrite

Fig. 3.8.24 Magnetite

Fig. 3.8.25 Hematite

Fig. 3.8.26 Corundum

Fig. 3.8.27 Ice Cubes

Fig. 3.8.28 Pyrite

Fig. 3.8.29 Galena

Fig. 3.8.30 Rock Salt/Halite

Fig. 3.8.31 Fluorite

Rocks

Earth Rocks! (Jan 24, 2019). Rock Cycle. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2BKjELzhfU

Fig. 3.9.1. The Rock Cycle

Fig. 3.9.2. Sarychev Peak Eruption

Fig. 3.9.3. Layers of cross-bedded sandstone

Fig. 3.9.4. Folded metamorphic gneiss

Igneous

Fig. 3.9.1. Classification of igneous rocks

Fig. 3.9.2. Coarse-grained igneous rock texture

Fig. 3.9.3. Fine-grained igneous rock texture

Fig. 3.9.4. Porphyritic igneous rock texture

Fig. 3.9.5. Vesicular igneous rock texture

Fig. 3.9.6. Glassy igneous rock texture

Fig. 3.9.7. Pyroclastic igneous rock texture

Wendy Van Norden. (Jun 28, 2012) Igneous Rocks. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laVDypLGdbs

Fig. 3.9.8. Komatiite

Fig. 3.9.9. Peridotite

Fig. 3.9.10. Basalt

Fig. 3.9.11. Gabbro

Fig. 3.9.12. Andesite

Fig. 3.9.13. Diorite

Fig. 3.9.14. Rhyolite

Fig. 3.9.15. Granite

Fig. 3.9.16. Obsidian

Fig. 3.9.17. Apache Tear

Fig. 3.9.18. Scoria

Fig. 3.9.19. Pumice

Fig. 3.9.20. Tuff

Sedimentary

Fig. 3.9.1. Process of sedimentary rock lithification.

Fig. 3.9.2. Sandstone cliff formation.

Fig. 3.9.3. Classification of clast grain sizes.

Fig. 3.9.4. Transportation of sediments by streamflow

Fig. 3.6.5. Sorting and rounding of clasts

Fig. 3.6.6. Conglomerate

Fig. 3.6.7. Breccia

Fig. 3.6.8. Sandstone

Fig. 3.6.9. Shale

Fig. 3.6.10. Rock Salt/Halite

Fig. 3.6.11. Formation of evaporite sedimentary rocks

Fig. 3.6.12. Rock gypsum

Fig. 3.6.13. Chert

Fig. 3.6.14.

Fig. 3.6.15. Limestone

Fig. 3.6.16. Fossiliferous limestone

Fig. 3.6.17. Coquina

Fig. 3.6.18. Chalk

Fig. 3.6.19. Coal

Metamorphic

Fig 3.7.1. Heavily folded limestone and chert layers

Fig. 3.7.2. Foliated layers of mica-schist.

Fig. 3.7.3. Banded gneiss.

Fig. 3.7.4. Differential stress causes banding of mineral grains in metamorphic rocks

Fig. 3.7.5. Non-foliated metamorphic rock texture

Estrada, C. (Apr 22, 2021) In a Nutshell: Metamorphic Grade. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxFnG2v4rkQ

Fig. 3.7.6. Slate

Fig 3.7.7. Phyllite

Estrada, C. (Apr 22, 2021). Garnet Schist Hand Sample. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPbOd14O0Bs

Fig. 3.7.8. Gneiss

Fig. 3.7.9. Marble

Fig. 3.7.10. Quartzite

3.9

 

Instructor Resources

Chapter 3 Minerals and Rocks_text only

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Physical Geology: An Arizona Perspective Copyright © 2022 by Merry Wilson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book