3.11 Attributions and References
Chapter Text Attributions
Chapter Sections are taken from open source authors in their entirety, but were sometimes edited for clarity or new examples provided. Authorship as follows with associated attributions:
3.1, 3.7, 3.8, 3.10 Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change by Estrada, Londono Michel, and Wilson is licensed under CC-CY-NC-SA.
3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 Physical Geology – 2nd Edition by Steven Earle is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
Media Assets
All images, videos, animations, and H5P activities within this chapter are licensed under Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.
3.1
Fig. 3.1.1. Quartz crystals.
- cocoparisienne. (n.d.). “rock-crystal-397955_1280.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/rock-crystal-crystal-397955/ CC-0 Public Domain.
Fig. 3.1.2. State of matter (solid, liquid, and gas).
- Lumen Learning. (n.d.). “States of Matter.” [Online Image]. Chemistry for Majors: Atoms First. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistryatomsfirst/chapter/phases-and-classification-of-matter/ CC BY
Fig. 3.1.3. Crystal structure of Halite.
- OpenClipArt-Vectors (n.d.). “crystal-structure-148812_640.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/vectors/crystal-structure-nacl-chemical-148812/ CC-0 Public Domain.
Fig. 3.1.4. Frozen X-ray Diffractometer in action
- Kaspar Kallip. (2015, Nov 30). “Freezed XRD.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#/media/File:Freezed_XRD.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
FuseSchool – Global Education. (May 5, 2020). What Is An Element, Mixture And Compound? | Properties of Matter | Chemistry | FuseSchool. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZ6Ap8Zyb9w
Fig. 3.1.5. Periodic Table of Elements
- Lumen Learning. (n.d.). “The Periodic Table of Elements.” [Online Image]. Geology. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-the-building-blocks-of-matter/ CC BY.
Fig. 3.1.6. Trilobite eyes
- Moussa Direct Ltd. (2008, Jul 24). “Erbenochile eye.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erbenochile_eye.JPG CC BY-SA 3,0.
Fig. 3.1.7. Lab-grown diamonds
- MaterialScientist. (2009, Apr 24). “HPHTdiamonds2.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_diamond#/media/File:HPHTdiamonds2.JPG Public Domain.
3.2
Figure 3.2.1: Helium Atom QM. © Yzmo. CC BY-SA.
3.3
Figures 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.5 and 3.3.6 (right): © Steven Earle. CC BY.
Figure 3.3.6 (left): Halite. © Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com. CC BY-SA.
3.6
Figure 3.6.1: © Steven Earle. CC BY.
Figure 3.6.2: © Isaac Earle. CC BY.
3.7
Fig. 3.7.1. Quartz crystal cluster.
- LisaRedfern. (n.d.) “Crystal Cluster Arkansas.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/crystal-cluster-arkansas-1582014/ CC-0.
Alda Awad. (2017, Aug 18). Matter & minerals: physical properties. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No9VpiQGzME
Fig. 3.7.2. Malachite and azurite.
- James St. John. (2013, Feb 9). “Malachite and Azurite.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/8458721615/in/album-72157632725702927/ CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.7.3. Colors of quartz
- Mauro Cateb. (2011, Jan 3). “Pebbles of the Quartz Group.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mauroescritor/6390595011/in/photostream/ CC BY 2.0
Fig. 3.7.4 Hematite streak
- KarlaPanchuk. (2016, Jan 7). “Hematite Streak Plate.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hematite_streak_plate.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
Fig. 3.7.5 Pyrite and rhodochrosite streak
- Ra’ike. (2010, Jun 16). “Streak plate with Pyrite and Rhodochrosite.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Streak_plate_with_Pyrite_and_Rhodochrosite.jpg CC BY SA 3.0.
Fig. 3.7.6 Adamantine diamond
- EEAR. (n.d.). “Diamond Shiny Baby.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/illustrations/diamond-shiny-baby-wealth-wealthy-807979/ CC 0 Public Domain
Fig. 3.7.7 Vitreous quartz
- Stux. (n.d.). “pure-quartz-1151426_640.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/pure-quartz-rock-crystal-mineral-1151426/ CC0 Public Domain.
Fig. 3.7.8 Silky selenite
- Ra’ike. (2006, Dec 27). “Selenite Gips Marienglas.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selenite_Gips_Marienglas.jpg CC0 Public Domain.
Fig. 3.7.9 Greasy graphite
- James St. John. (2012, Nov 17). “Graphite (Sri Lanka) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/17364736943 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.7.10 Waxy mimetite
- Rob Lavinsky. (2010, May 28). “Mimetite-uri-04d.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10476569 CC BY-SA 3.0.
Fig. 3.7.11 Dull kaolinite
- James St. John. (2017, Feb 5). “Kaolinite (Cretaceous; Twiggs County, Georgia, USA).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32350111650 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.7.12 Metallic pyrite
- RadiolArt. (n.d.). “Pyrite Crystal Nature.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/pyrite-crystal-nature-173716/ CC0 Public Domain.
Fig. 3.7.13 Prismatic quartz
- Ren_mch. (n.d.). “Mineral Quartz Crystal.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/mineral-quartz-crystal-gem-stone-5248231/ CC0 Public Domain.
Fig. 3.7.14 Acicular rutile
- cobalt123. (2013, Feb 8). “Rutile Crystals.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/66606673@N00/8471241610 CC BY-SA-NC 3.0.
Fig. 3.7.15 Micaceous muscovite
- Jeff-o-matic. (2007, Dec 23). “Muscovite 1a.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/18903185@N07/2166409762 CC BY-NC 2.0.
Fig. 3.7.16 Botryoidal hemimorphite
- cobalt123. (2019, Feb 9). “Hemimorphite, China.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/66606673@N00/47010835832 CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.
Fig. 3.7.17 Equant zircons
- James St. John. (2017, Feb 3). “Zircon.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32677416715 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.7.18 Bladed diopside
- Didier Descouens. (2011, Feb 27). “Diopside Aoste.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14047390 CC BY-SA 3.0
Fig. 3.7.19 Massive cobaltite
- James St. John. (2016, Apr 4). “Cobaltite (Frontier Mine, Ontario, Canada) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/26233803605 CC BY 2.0.
Jennifer Cash. (Aug 6, 2020). Demonstrations of mineral cleavage. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iycXcQnf75s
Fig. 3.7.20 Muscovite with basal cleavage
- B. Domangue. (2021, Feb 16). “Mica-Silicate Mineral.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mica_-_Silicate_Mineral.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
Fig. 3.7.21 Orthoclase with 2-directional 90 degree cleavage
- Steven Earle. (n.d.). “K-feldspar cleavage.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology – 2nd Edition. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/2-6-mineral-properties/ CC BY.
Fig. 3.7.22 Albite with 2-directional non-perpendicular cleavage
- USGS. (2005, Jan 7). “Plagioclase Feldspar USGOV.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PlagioclaseFeldsparUSGOV.jpg Public Domain.
Fig. 3.7.23 Halite with cubic cleavage
- Jamain. (2017, Aug 4). “1456px-Halite_J1a.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halite_J1a.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
Fig. 3.7.24 Calcite with rhombohedral cleavage
- James St. John. (2017, Jan 7). “Rhombohedral cleavage fragments of calcite.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32052216331/ CC BY 2.0
Fig. 3.7.25 Fluorite with octahedral cleavage
- Ra’ike. (2007, Oct 6). “Fluorite colorless octahedron.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fluorite-colorless-octahedron.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.
Fig. 3.7.26 Conchoidal fracture in quartz
- James St. John. (2021, Feb 1). “Quartz 23.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/50903626441/ CC BY 2.0
Fig. 3.7.27 Mohs Hardness Scale of Minerals
- National Park Service. (n.d.). “Mohs.” [Online Image]. Gem Society. https://www.gemsociety.org/article/select-gems-ordered-mohs-hardness/ Public Domain.
Fig. 3.7.28 Magnetic magnetite
- Shaun Wood. (2008, Jun 28). “Lodestone.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/31191972@N04/3205036688 CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.
Fig. 3.7.29 Bright, neon fluorescent minerals
- Cran Cowan. (2011, May 23). “Fluorescent Mineral Group #12 – UV.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/28617364@N04/5748883127/in/photostream/ CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
Fig. 3.7.30 Optical calcite showing double refraction
- Furrfu. (2010, Mar 6). “3310.calcite_(Iceland_Spar)_birefringence.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3310.calcite_(Iceland_Spar)_birefringence.jpg Public Domain.
Fig. 3.7.31 Polished ulexite/ TV Stone
- Piotr Sosnowski. (2008, Sep 3). “Ulexyt z boku.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulexyt_z_boku.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
3.8
Wendy Van Norden. (Jul 7, 2012). Identifying Common Minerals.mp4. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2zFLCZKTQk
Fig. 3.8.1 Gold nugget
- scrampunk. (2018, Jun 7). “Gold Nugget.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gold-nugget-free-download-d2aebf1ef63245a4a4684b25a68d6d2b CC BY.
Fig. 3.8.2 Silver
- Mike Beauregard. (2016, May 11). “metallic bonsai_ silver, copper, crystal gem.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/31856336@N03/44730573602 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.8.3 Copper
- James St. John. (2010, Sep 15). “Large native copper amygdule (Mesoproterozoic, 1.05-1.06 Ga; Ahmeek Mine, Ahmeek, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) 1.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/17307955385 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.8.4 Polished and cut diamond
- joae12. (2017, Aug 3). “Diamond.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/diamond-ba5888a67cd444f4b1656a97909c479c CC BY.
Fig. 3.8.5 Graphite
- James St. John. (2015, May 23). “Graphite.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/17981816962 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.8.6 Sulfur
- rocksandminerals. “Sulfur 6-5.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/sulfur-6-5-f2399e4c123548cfb188c28dd72f0622 CC BY.
Fig. 3.8.7 Cluster of quartz
- geolab.unilasalle. (2019, Dec 21). Quartz Crystals. [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/quartz-crystals-8a6c7eaa97ab4df38a49899f14a4a9df CC BY-NC-SA
Fig. 3.8.8 Orthoclase
- John Bosworth. “Orthoclase. Registration no. M 44707.” [Online Image]. Museum Victoria Collections. https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/specimens/47439 CC BY 4.0.
Fig. 3.8.9 Plagioclase Moonstone
- James St. John. (2012, May 7). “Moonstone (iridescent peristerite-oligoclase feldspar) (Chupa Pegmatite Field, Mesoproterozoic, 1.75 to 2.10 Ga; at or near Chupa Bay, Karelia, Russia) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/14936848270 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.8.10 Muscovite
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Apr 20). “Muscovite 04-20-2020.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/muscovite-04-20-2020-8588fb59d0f2492cb8dc3fd7e423a88f CC BY.
Fig. 3.8.11 Biotite
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Jul 6). “Biotite #3094 07-06-2020.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/biotite-3094-07-06-2020-1e06947d652846ec9e65da8faadde47a CC BY.
Fig. 3.8.12 Kaolinite
- James St. John. “Kaolinite (Cretaceous; Twiggs County, Georgia, USA).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32350111650 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.8.13 Talc
- James St. John. (2006, May 4). “Talc schist 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/16921632302 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.8.14 Almandine Garnets
- Lapworth Museum of Geology. (2019, Aug 13). “Almandine BIRUG 1092.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/almandine-birug-1092-7744e62774f0457da9d3ac5f281d2077 CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.8.15 Hornblende
- Robert Lavinsky. (2016, Apr 11). “File:Magnesio-hornblende (cropped).png” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74129420 CC BY-SA 3.0
Fig. 3.8.16 Enstatite
- Robert M. Lavinsky. (2010, May 27). “Enstatite-pas-146a.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enstatite-pas-146a.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.
Fig. 3.8.17 Olivine
- UQ School of Earth and Environmental Science. (2020, Oct 27). “Olivine.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/olivine-e7fcbc0c23704f91ace1653c7275ae4b CC BY.
Fig. 3.8.18 Calcite
- Dr. Parvinder Sethi. (2020, Oct 16). “Calcite / RU Geology / by Grace Psenicska.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/calcite-ru-geology-by-grace-psenicska-77c2e06d0bc84b6891f1d7dfaa22f81a CC BY.
Fig. 3.8.19 Dolomite
- Didier Descouens. (2009, Dec 31). “File:Dolomite Luzenac.jpg.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)#/media/File:Dolomite_Luzenac.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
Fig. 3.8.20 Malachite
- Malopolska`s Virtual Museums. (2016, Mar 1). “‘Kidney-shaped’ malachite.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/kidney-shaped-malachite-caab9eb5cc3245bebcedfe9c8a792f5c CC0 Public Domain.
Fig. 3.8.21 Azurite
- Eric Hunt. (2006, Oct 21). “File:Azurite from China.jpg.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Azurite_from_China.jpg CC BY-SA 2.5.
Fig. 3.8.22 Gypsum
- EDUROCK – EDUCATIONAL VIRTUAL ROCK COLLECTION. (2019, Sep 9). “Gypsum.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gypsum-de785119fe014b5e998a17e0fdcf6850 CC BY.
Fig. 3.8.23 Anhydrite
- Holly Leighanne. (2013, May 22). “Anhydrite.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/29981072@N00/9874232443 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.8.24 Magnetite
- Rob Lavinsky. (2010, Apr 26). “File:Magnetite-118736.jpg.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetite-118736.jpg CC-BY-SA-3.0
Fig. 3.8.25 Hematite
- rockdoc. (2020, Aug 11). “hematite.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/hematite-2b59aba7b1a64f30908b720c06ab070d CC BY.
Fig. 3.8.26 Corundum
- Orbital Joe. (2005, Aug 30). “Corundum (RUBY).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/orbitaljoe/38724606/in/photolist-4qttC-4qttD-9bHu8-jitPH9-2kTWrCU-58Nim-6kHym-b7oKR-bam98k-b7oKQ-6kHyh-85Fg3p-6kHyi-6kHyk-2hSDepN-2isg3rA-4zgqM-2irHWR9-4zgqL-4zgqN-c6E9Jw-2hSFKZK-2kRvNo8-2hSDssB-2irHWTU-2hSH3EC-2ePAv-p1bJdf-er7wS3-eqbdQn-2kqb6M4-79UqQM-2irHWK7-eqbfSR-2jD6izA-er7yqo-Jjax8q-DqYiP-TPLCnq-c6E6Uf-2isjP18-2isg44H-2isiGhE-4svhBW-2isjNmc-4yvaWc-2enev1E-6nDfDP-2hSFLBG-2kRrEmF CC BY-NC-ND.
Fig. 3.8.27 Ice Cubes
- rawdonfox. (2017, Feb 18). “Ice-cubes.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/34739556@N04/32852731931 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.8.28 Pyrite
- Earth Sciences, University of Newcastle. (2018, Feb 1). “Pyrite.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/pyrite-0e605ac65952494ab6c2526bb90fa283 CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.8.29 Galena
- James St. John. (2011, Jan 30). “Galena (Missouri, USA).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/18281224591 CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.8.30 Rock Salt/Halite
- rockdoc. (2020, Aug 11). “halite.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/halite-323cf8eb403d459e9d0359d68ab1cf1d CC BY-NC
Fig. 3.8.31 Fluorite
- James St. John. (2017, May 6). “Fluorite (Denton Mine, near Cave-in-Rock, Illinois, USA) 2” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/34177670250 CC BY 2.0.
Rocks
Earth Rocks! (Jan 24, 2019). Rock Cycle. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2BKjELzhfU
Fig. 3.9.1. The Rock Cycle
- Siyavula Education. (2012, Apr 25). “Rock Cycle.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/121935927@N06/13581730833 CC BY 2.0
Fig. 3.9.2. Sarychev Peak Eruption
- NASA Earth Observatory. (2009, Jun 12). “Sarychev Peak Eruption, Kuril Islands.” NASA. [Online Image]. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/38985/sarychev-peak-eruption-kuril-islands Public Domain.
Fig. 3.9.3. Layers of cross-bedded sandstone
- Charlene Estrada. (Apr 17, 2021). “Sandstone Crossbedding.” [Online Image]. The Rock Cycle. https://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/chapter/3-5/img_1443/ CC BY 4.0
Fig. 3.9.4. Folded metamorphic gneiss
- Jon Spencer. (2013). “Folds in pegmatic gneiss of Soldier Canyon.” [Online Image]. AZGS. https://azgs.arizona.edu/photo/folds-pegmatitic-gneiss-soldier-canyon CC BY 4.0.
Igneous
Fig. 3.9.1. Classification of igneous rocks
- Karla Panchuk. (2018). “classification-simplified_revised.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology, First University of Saskatchewan Edition. https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/7-3-classification-of-igneous-rocks-2/ CC BY 4.0
Fig. 3.9.2. Coarse-grained igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2019, Sep 3). “Granite 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/48674313252/in/album-72157651212529712/ CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.9.3. Fine-grained igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2019, Sep 3) “Basalt 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/48674616636/ CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.9.4. Porphyritic igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2014, Nov 22). “Porphyritic andesite (Kate Peak Formation, Middle Miocene; Lyon County, western Nevada, USA).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15661069958/in/album-72157651212529712/ CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.9.5. Vesicular igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2014, Aug 24). “Rhyodacite pumice (late August 1883 eruption of Krakatoa Volcano, Indonesia; collected at Takwa Beach, coastal Kenya, eastern Africa) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15023091491/in/album-72157651212529712/ CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.9.6. Glassy igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2015, Mar 9). “Black obsidian with streaks of mahogany obsidian.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16768859775/in/album-72157651212529712/ CC BY 2.0.
Fig. 3.9.7. Pyroclastic igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2015, Mar 11). “Volcanic breccia with jelly opal (Cenozoic; Mexico).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/16788260245 CC BY 2.0.
Wendy Van Norden. (Jun 28, 2012) Igneous Rocks. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laVDypLGdbs
Fig. 3.9.8. Komatiite
- Sara Carena. (2020, Jun 6). “Komatiite, South Africa.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/komatiite-south-africa-cd7cf872fd4745dca0ee908868ebc375 CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.9.9. Peridotite
- Sara Carena. (2020, May 8 “Peridotite xenoliths, USA.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/peridotite-xenoliths-usa-1c49a6cb73a349f0a7da14fdd1a6e7ba CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.9.10. Basalt
- Sara Carena. (2020, May 7). “Basalt, USA.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/basalt-usa-f2b81c5a53c9427492875173e2fb5619 CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.9.11. Gabbro
- Sara Carena. (2020, Jun 9). “Gabbro, Brazil.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gabbro-brazil-e004b43d7b3b4e8da8f3b79418a35134 CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.9.12. Andesite
- Sara Carena. (2020, Jul 30). “Basaltic Andesite Spain.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/basaltic-andesite-spain-4ac59e24353d41f8b631aa02c1b0ec1a CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.9.13. Diorite
- Sara Carena. (2020, Sep 18). “Diorite.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/diorite-301bbc33e581435cbb71e09e33df5938 CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.9.14. Rhyolite
- Dr. Parvinder Sethi. (2020, Sep 13). “Rhyolite / RU Geology / by Grace Psenicska.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/rhyolite-ru-geology-by-grace-psenicska-a0b3c6df003a4e71859da28686abeea9 CC BY.
Fig. 3.9.15. Granite
- Sara Carena. (2020, Nov 18). “Granite, Kenya.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/granite-kenya-8d39a566d3df4d7d97a565e4785c2271 CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.9.16. Obsidian
- jonathan.davidson. (2018, Mar 1). “Obsidian.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/obsidian-66b9a744a4ce436cb08b285c1555f0ef CC BY.
Fig. 3.9.17. Apache Tear
- Simon Eugster. (2006, Apr 14). “ApachenträneGegenlicht.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apachentr%C3%A4neGegenlicht.jpg CC BY SA.
Fig. 3.9.18. Scoria
- Sara Carena. (2021, Mar 19). “Scoriaceous basalt, Spain.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/scoriaceous-basalt-spain-2aaf28c806c24830a0fb512cbeb10a88 CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.9.19. Pumice
- Sara Carena. (2020, May 15). “Pumice.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/pumice-5374302b2d204984accda59833e5a85b CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.9.20. Tuff
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Apr 23). “Rhyolite tuff #10 04-23-2020.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/rhyolite-tuff-10-04-23-2020-dc53b855efa5433987778b0c38c47432 CC BY.
Sedimentary
Fig. 3.9.1. Process of sedimentary rock lithification.
- Karla Panchuk. (2016). “lithification-1024×409.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology, First University of Saskatchewan Edition. https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/9-1-clastic-sedimentary-rocks-2/ CC BY 4.0.
Fig. 3.9.2. Sandstone cliff formation.
- Charlene Estrada. (2021, Apr 21). “Weathered sandstone cliffs at sunset.” [Online Image]. Sedimentary Rocks. https://open.maricopa.edu/app/uploads/sites/119/2021/01/A8C88EF2-64AA-4764-B010-5E4B595611C8.jpeg CC BY 4.0.
Fig. 3.9.3. Classification of clast grain sizes.
- Karla Panchuk. (2016). “Grain-size-chart.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology, First University of Saskatchewan Edition. https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/8-4-weathering-and-erosion-produce-sediments/ CC BY 4.0.
Fig. 3.9.4. Transportation of sediments by streamflow
- Steven Earle. (n.d.). “sediment-clasts.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology – 2nd Edition. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/6-1-clastic-sedimentary-rocks/ CC BY 4.0
Fig. 3.6.5. Sorting and rounding of clasts
- Reagan, M.K., Pearce, J.A., Petronotis, K., and the Expedition 352 Scientists. (2015). “02_F05.” [Online Image]. Expedition 352 methods. http://publications.iodp.org/proceedings/352/102/figures/02_F05.png CC BY 3.0.
Fig. 3.6.6. Conglomerate
- Sara Carena. (2021, Jan 22). “Conglomerate.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/conglomerate-9c2b5e3b70a0410394e2c61e31851164 CC BY.
Fig. 3.6.7. Breccia
- Sara Carena. (2020, May 5). “Tectonic breccia.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/tectonic-breccia-caf9f8d8461445b6bc15ee17f1af94ba CC BY.
Fig. 3.6.8. Sandstone
- Sara Carena. (2020, May 15). “Sandstone, USA.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/sandstone-usa-357ebf487b5a4c42850af5fcf95429c7 CC BY.
Fig. 3.6.9. Shale
- Dr. Parvinder Sethi. (2020, Oct 8). “Shale / RU Geology / by Grace Psenicska.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/shale-ru-geology-by-grace-psenicska-80e4de099de248b9abb5d7b5b96d89b3 CC BY.
Fig. 3.6.10. Rock Salt/Halite
- rockdoc. (2020, Aug 11). “Halite.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/halite-323cf8eb403d459e9d0359d68ab1cf1d CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.6.11. Formation of evaporite sedimentary rocks
- Charlene Estrada. (2021, Apr 20). “Formation of evaporite rocks.” [Online Image]. Sedimentary Rocks. https://open.maricopa.edu/app/uploads/sites/119/2021/01/Screen-Shot-2021-04-20-at-10.04.02-PM.png CC BY 4.0.
Fig. 3.6.12. Rock gypsum
- EDUROCK – EDUCATIONAL VIRTUAL ROCK COLLECTION. (2019, Sep 9). “Gypsum.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gypsum-de785119fe014b5e998a17e0fdcf6850 CC BY.
Fig. 3.6.13. Chert
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Jun 4). “Chert #1637 06-04-20.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/chert-1637-06-04-20-4d7a2916c0014af18564b4963e020358 CC BY.
Fig. 3.6.14.
- Mary Ann Tiffany and Andrea Dawes. (2017). “figure12.3.1.” [Online Image]. https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/7/2017/01/figure12.3.1.png CC BY.
Fig. 3.6.15. Limestone
- Théobald GUFFON. (2020, Jan 31). “Limestone outcrop 1.” [Online Model]. SketchFab.https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/limestone-outcrop-1-0df28c23fe0e42c49b2f8c329d8c5c95 CC BY-NC-SA.
Fig. 3.6.16. Fossiliferous limestone
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Feb 16). “Fossiliferous Limestone 2/16/2020.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/fossiliferous-limestone-2162020-106bbda8989e47ed95a676e5cbff4964 CC BY.
Fig. 3.6.17. Coquina
- Digital Atlas of Ancient Life. (2020, Jul 21). “Sedimentary Rock: Coquina.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/sedimentary-rock-coquina-8e6d63f9a7ab42b0ac65b9178b6eff3e CC BY-SA.
Fig. 3.6.18. Chalk
- PalomarESES. (2021, Feb 15). “Chalk.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/chalk-225a3dec9c114026a1f0f19e2ae5690d CC BY-ND.
Fig. 3.6.19. Coal
- Byrd Polar & Climate Research Center. (2021, Jan 28). “UN-225 (Bituminous Coal [Kentucky]).” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/un-225-bituminous-coal-kentucky-bcc7c84830ef49eaab5b6323dd4418bc CC BY-ND.
Metamorphic
Fig 3.7.1. Heavily folded limestone and chert layers
- Dieter Mueller. (2004, Oct 30). “Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
Fig. 3.7.2. Foliated layers of mica-schist.
- Woudloper. (2007, Sep 2). “Zermatt_schists.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zermatt_schists.JPG Public Domain.
Fig. 3.7.3. Banded gneiss.
- Oymtu. (2010, Feb18). “Gneisssic_texture.” [Online Image.] Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gneisssic_texture.JPG Public Domain.
Fig. 3.7.4. Differential stress causes banding of mineral grains in metamorphic rocks
- Steven Earle. (n.d.). “image006.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology – 2nd Edition. https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/10-2-foliation-and-rock-cleavage/ CC BY 4.0.
Fig. 3.7.5. Non-foliated metamorphic rock texture
- Randolph Black. (2018, Jan 10). “Quartzite_01_10x_(27840457419).” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quartzite_01_10x_(27840457419).jpg Public Domain.
Estrada, C. (Apr 22, 2021) In a Nutshell: Metamorphic Grade. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxFnG2v4rkQ
Fig. 3.7.6. Slate
- rocksandminerals. (2020, May 28). “gray slate #77 5-28-2020.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gray-slate-77-5-28-2020-742becfb4f484fca9c9e1f2888d55705 CC BY.
Fig 3.7.7. Phyllite
- Dr. Parvinder Sethi. (2020, Sep 19). “Phyllite / RU Geology / by Grace Psenicska.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/orthogneiss-ab4861c508bb4b0a8e39eefeb191661c CC BY.
Estrada, C. (Apr 22, 2021). Garnet Schist Hand Sample. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPbOd14O0Bs
Fig. 3.7.8. Gneiss
- Sara Carena. (2021, Jan 23). “Orthogneiss.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/orthogneiss-ab4861c508bb4b0a8e39eefeb191661c CC BY-NC.
Fig. 3.7.9. Marble
- EDUROCK – EDUCATIONAL VIRTUAL ROCK COLLECTION. (2019, Nov 11). “Marble.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/marble-3e6a621e4b084e44b78e71e9eabfad99 CC BY.
Fig. 3.7.10. Quartzite
- rocksandminerals. (2020, May 26). “quartzite #76 05-26-2020.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/quartzite-76-05-26-2020-d67bc8e8f2724e0c808bbf14724a050a CC BY-NC.
3.9