5.8 Attributions and References
Chapter Text Attributions
This Chapter was taken entirely from
Estrada, C., Londono Michel, C., and Wilson, M (2021) Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disaster and Environmental Changehttps://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ Licensed under CC-BY-NC-SA except where noted.
and referenced as follows:
[1] Dastrup, R. Adam. (2020, Jun 1). Tectonic Forces. Physical Geography and Natural Disasters. https://slcc.pressbooks.pub/physicalgeography/chapter/4-1/
[2] House Mountain, Verde Valley, Arizona. (2008, Nov). Arizona Geological Survey. https://azgs.arizona.edu/photo/house-mountain-verde-valley-arizona
[3] An Introduction to Geology by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, Cam Mosher is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
[4] Ashfall is the most widespread and frequent volcanic hazard. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/ashfall-most-widespread-and-frequent-volcanic-hazard
[5] Volcanoes Can Affect Climate. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/volcanoes-can-affect-climate
[6] Comprehensive monitoring provides timely warnings of volcano reawakening. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/monitoring
[7] Monitoring Volcano Seismicity Provides Insight to Volcanic Structure. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/monitoring-volcano-seismicity-provides-insight-volcanic-structure
[8] Movement on the Surface Provides Information About the Subsurface. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/movement-surface-provides-information-about-subsurface
[9] Volcanic gases and water include chemical signatures of magma. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/volcanic-gases-and-water
[10] Sunset Crater. (n.d.). Arizona Geological Survey. https://azgs.arizona.edu/azgs-photo-tags/sunset-crater
[11] Learn about volcano hazard zones where you live or visit. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/learn-about-volcano-hazard-zones-where-you-live-or-visit
[12] Be informed. Make a plan. Build a kit. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/be-informed-make-a-plan-build-a-kit
[13] During volcanic unrest, follow recommendations from officials. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/during-volcanic-unrest-follow-recommendations-officials
[14] Impacts from volcanic events can last for months to years after the eruption ends. (n.d.). USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/impacts-volcanic-events-can-last-months-years-after-eruption-ends
[15] Old Faithful Geyser Frequently Asked Questions. (2018, Jul 6). National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/oldfaithfulgeyserfaq.htm
[16] Olson, C. and Whitley, K. (2011). Castle Hot Springs. Arizona Heritage Waters. http://www.azheritagewaters.nau.edu/loc_Castle_Hot.html
[17] Energy. (n.d.). Government of Iceland. https://www.government.is/topics/business-and-industry/energy/
Creative Commons Resources for Chapter Text
The following resources have been used for research, starting points, and inspiration for this chapter and are available to all under Fair Use or Creative Commons Licensing. Unless otherwise noted in Attributed References or Media Assets, materials have been significantly reworked by this text’s authors.
Dastrup, R. Adam. (2020, Jun 1). Physical Geography and Natural Disasters. https://slcc.pressbooks.pub/physicalgeography/CC BY-NC-SA.
An Introduction to Geology by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, Cam Mosher is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Geology by Lumen Learning is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Earth Science by Lumen Learning is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Natural Disasters and Human Impacts by R. Adam Dastrup, MA, GISP is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Physical Geology – 2nd Edition by Steven Earle is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
Introduction to Oceanography by Paul Webb is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
United States Geological Survey (USGS) is licensed under Public Domain.
Google Earth is available as Fair Use under Section 107 of the United States Copyright Act.
Media Assets
All images, videos, animations, and H5P activities within this chapter are licensed under Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.
Figure 4.1. The Geothermal Gradient within Earth.
- Bkilli1. (2013, Oct 9). “Geothermal Gradient.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temperature_schematic_of_inner_Earth.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.
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Figure 4.1.1. Different parts of a volcano.
- Karla Panchuk. (2017). “stratovolcano.” [Online Image]. PHYSICAL GEOLOGY, FIRST UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN EDITION. https://openpress.usask.ca/app/uploads/sites/29/2017/08/stratovolcano.png CC BY.
Figure 4.1.2. Eruption of a lava fountain.
- kuknmi. (2015, Sep 7). “Lava Fountain.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/31176607@N05/28456514846 CC BY.
Figure 4.1.3. Diagram of magma forming at depth and rising toward a volcano and erupting as lava.
- Woudloper. (2010, May). “Magmatism and Volcanism.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magmatism_and_volcanism_EN.svg CC BY-SA
Fig. 4.1.4. Decompression melting of magma at a divergent boundary.
- Steven Earle. (n.d.). “Figure 10.4.3.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology – 2nd Edition. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/10-4-plate-plate-motions-and-plate-boundary-processes/ CC BY
Figure 4.1.4. Subduction of a tectonic plate causes flux melting and volcanism.
- KDS4444. (2016, May 26). “Subduction.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Subduction-en.svg CC BY-SA.
geolinde. (2019, Mar 12). “Mount St.Helens.” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WojOleI9C2s
Earth Rocks! (2019, Jan 23). “Magma Viscosity.” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgwfH3wkfA4
Fig. 4.1.6. Types of mafic lava flows.
- Roy Luck and Greg Willis (2009, modified by Karla Panchuk in 2017). “aa.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology, First University of Saskatchewan Edition. https://openpress.usask.ca/app/uploads/sites/29/2017/06/aa.png CC BY-SA.
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Fig. 4.2.1. Cone-shaped volcano structure.
- Medium69. (2007, Jan 13). “Volcano Structure.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Structure_volcan.png CC BY-SA.
Fig. 4.2.2. Schematic of a cinder cone volcano.
- USGS. “Cinder_cone_diagram.” [Online Image]. Volcanoes. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html Public Domain.
Fig. 4.2.3. Lava dome located at Volcán Chaitén, Chile.
- Sam Beebe. (2009, Jan 23). “Volcán_Chaitén-Sam_Beebe-Ecotrust.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_dome#/media/File:Volc%C3%A1n_Chait%C3%A9n-Sam_Beebe-Ecotrust.jpg CC BY-SA.
Fig. 4.2.4. The Mayon Stratovolcano in the Philippines.
- Top1963. (2009, Dec 29). “Mayon_0052.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano#/media/File:Mayon_0052.jpg CC BY-SA.
Fig. 4.2.5. Mount St. Helens and surrounding landscape in an interactive model.
- Sara Carena. (2020, Oct 24). “Mount St Helens.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/mount-st-helens-usa-4af0f23522c349558d58815d48491ca3 CC BY-NC-SA.
Fig. 4.2.6. Sierra Grande shield volcano in New Mexico.
- Phillip M. Stewart. (2005, May 16). “Sierra_Grande_volcano.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sierra_Grande_volcano.jpg CC BY-SA.
Fig. 4.2.7. Hawaiian Islands as examples of shield volcanism.
- Jacques Descloitres. (2003, May 23). “Hawaiian Islands.” [Online Image]. NASA’s Earth Observatory. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/3510/hawaiian-islands Public Domain.
Fig. 4.2.8. House Mountain shield volcano near Sedona, AZ.
- Wayne Ranney. (2008, Nov). “House Mt part2.” [Online Image]. AZGS. https://azgs.arizona.edu/photo/house-mountain-verde-valley-arizona CC BY.
Fig. 4.2.9. Crater Lake Caldera.
- Zainubrazvi. (2006, Jul 18). “Crater Lake.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera#/media/File:Crater_lake_oregon.jpg CC BY-SA.
Fig. 4.2.10. Diagram showing process of caldera lake formation.
- USGS. (2006, Mar 26). “Mount Mazama eruption timeline.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera#/media/File:Mount_Mazama_eruption_timeline.PNG Public Domain.
Fig. 4.2.11. Map showing extent of the Siberian flood basalts in Russia.
- Ciaurlec. (2012, Oct 20). “Extent_of_Siberian_traps-it.svg.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Extent_of_Siberian_traps-it.svg CC BY-SA.
Fig. 4.2.12. Cross-section of Yellowstone hotspot and caldera.
- NPS. (2009, Oct 4). “Yellowstone_Caldera.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellowstone_Caldera.svg Public Domain.
Fig. 4.2.13. Relief map of area affected by potential Yellowstone eruption.
- USGS. (n.d.). “Yellowstone Relief Map.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellowstone_Caldera.svg Public Domain.
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Fig. 4.3.1. Cast of a sitting victim from Pompeii.
- Jebulon. (2015, Dec 13). “Cast_sitting_victim_Pompeii.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cast_sitting_victim_Pompeii.jpg CC 0 Public Domain.
Fig. 4.3.2. A pyroclastic flow at Mayon Volcano.
- USGS. (2010, Aug 20). “Pyroclastic Flow at Mayon Volcano.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano-2010-20-08.jpg Public Domain.
Doreen Gurney. (2020, Apr 12). “Insane Lahar Volcanic Mudslide Compilation!” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9080YePWKY
Fig. 4.3.3. Lahar moving down Mount St. Helens.
- USGS. (1982, Mar 21). “Lahar off Mount St. Helens.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MSH82_lahar_from_march_82_eruption_03-21-82.jpg Public Domain.
Fig. 4.3.4. A building crushed under the weight of ash piled on top of a roof from the Mount Pinatubo eruption.
- US Navy. (1991, Jul 8). “Ash_from_Mount_Pinatubo_crushes_a_building_at_NS_Subic_Bay.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ash_from_Mount_Pinatubo_crushes_a_building_at_NS_Subic_Bay.jpg Public Domain.
Fig. 4.3.5. A plume of ash from the eruption at Mount Cleveland.
- NASA’s Earth Observatory. (2006, May 23). “Ash Plume from Mount Cleveland.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash#/media/File:MtCleveland_ISS013-E-24184.jpg Public Domain.
Fig. 4.3.6. Volcanic gases and the hazards they present when they interact with Earth’s atmosphere.
- USGS. (n.d.). “untitled image of MultiGAS monitoring station.” [Online Image]. Volcanic Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/volcanic-gases-react-atmosphere-various-ways-conve Public Domain.
4.4
Deep Carbon. (2016, Oct 6). “DCO Scientists Closer to Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions.” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OakojF4lzc4
Fig. 4.4.1. The different techniques scientists use to monitor volcanoes.
- Lisa Faust. (n.d.). “vhp_img1138.” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/volcanic-monitoring-types-and-methods-employed-usgs-vhp Public Domain.
Science Ping. (2018, Dec 11). “Clues In The Ash: Predicting Volcanic Eruptions.” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJR-Mrzq1-o
Fig. 4.4.2. Seismograms of earthquake swarms prior to a volcanic eruption.
- USGS. (n.d.). “vhp_img1105.” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/seismogram-signal-examples-volcanic-earthquakes-volcano-tecto Public Domain.
Fig. 4.4.3. The slope and top of Mount St. Helens bulging prior to its eruption.
- Peter Lipman. (1980, Apr 27). “vhp_img519.” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/bulge-north-side-mount-st-helens-developed-magma-push Public Domain.
Fig. 4.4.4. Schematic demonstration how inSAR monitoring works.
- USGS. (n.d.). “vhp_img78.” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/illustration-methodology-collection-insar-image Public Domain.
Fig. 4.4.5. A large gas monitoring station at Mount St. Helens that a man can sit on.
- Christoph Kern. (n.d.). “MultiGAS monitoring instrument.” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/multigas-monitoring-instrument-installed-dome-mount-st-h Public Domain.
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Fig. 4.5.1. The USGS Volcano Hazards Program monitoring world Map.
- USGS. (2021, May 6). “U.S. Volcanoes and Current Activity Alerts.” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/volcano Public Domain.
Fig. 4.5.2. Ocean floor relief map highlighting mid-ocean ridges.
- NOAA. (1996, Sep 26). “Mid-ocean Ridge System.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif Public Domain.
Fig. 4.5.3. The Pacific Ring of Fire.
- Gringer. (2009, Feb 10). “Pacific Ring of Fire.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg Public Domain.
Fig. 4.5.4. Cross-section of the Hawaiian Hot Spot.
- NPS. (n.d.). “Hawaiian Hot Spot.” [Online Image]. Volcanoes. https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/nature/volcanoes.htm Public Domain.
Fig. 4.5.5. Cross-section of the Yellowstone Continental hot spot.
- NPS. (n.d.). Development of Yellowstone Hydrothermal Features. [Online Image]. Continental Hotspot. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/plate-tectonics-continental-hotspots.htm Public Domain.
Fig. 4.5.6. Aerial view of Sunset Crater in Northern Arizona.
- Ted Grussing. (2018, Jun). “At Rest.” [Online Image]. AZGS. https://azgs.arizona.edu/photo/sunset-crater-unnamed-cinder-cone-san-francisco-volcanic-field-arizona CC BY.
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Fig. 4.6.1. Lava flow hazard map of Hawaii.
- Wright et. al. (1992). “Lava-flow hazards zones map, Island of Hawai’i.” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/lava-flow-hazard-zones-map-island-hawai-i Public Domain.
Fig. 4.6.2. Emergency preparedness kit advert in Alaska.
- Jennifer Adleman. (2009, Feb 9). “Volcanic eruption preparedness sign in Anchorage AK during the 2009…” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/volcanic-eruption-preparedness-sign-anchorage-ak-during-2009 Public Domain.
Fig. 4.6.3. A standard emergency preparedness kit from the American Red Cross.
- Red Cross. (2006, Jul 7). “Emergency Preparedness “ready to go” kit.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_37174_-_Emergency_Preparedness_%22ready_to_go%22_kit..jpg Public Domain.
Fig. 4.6.4. Illustration of a hiker finding higher ground to avoid lava flows.
- Wikihow. “Survive-a-Volcanic-Eruption-Step-9.” (n.d.). [Online Image]. How to Survive a Volcanic Eruption. https://www.wikihow.com/Survive-a-Volcanic-Eruption CC BY-NC-SA
Fig. 4.6.5. People listening to the radio for updates indoors during a volcanic eruption.
- Wikihow. (n.d.). “Survive-a-Volcanic-Eruption-Step-13.” [Online Image]. How to Survive a Volcanic Eruption. https://www.wikihow.com/Survive-a-Volcanic-Eruption CC BY-NC-SA
Fig. 4.6.6. Man carefully cleaning his car windshield of volcanic ash after an eruption.
- GNS Science. (n.d.). “Actions to take for ashfall include cleaning-up vehicles. Clean win…” [Online Image]. USGS Volcano Hazards Program. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/actions-take-ashfall-include-cleaning-vehicles-clean-win Public Domain.
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Fig. 4.7.1. A “black-smoker” type hydrothermal vent.
- W.R. Normark, Dudley Foster. (1981). “Black Smoker.” [Online Image]. USGS. https://library.usgs.gov/photo/cgi-bin/show_picture.cgi?ID=ID.%20Normark,%20W.R.%20%20%201 Public Domain
Fig. 4.7.2. Diagram showing a cross-section of a hydrothermal vent.
- Hannes Grobe/AWI. (“Hydrothermale-zirkulation-MOR_en_hg.” 2015, Nov 4). [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrothermale-zirkulation-MOR_en_hg.png CC BY-SA 4.0.
jsj1771. (2014, Oct 19). “Old Faithful Geyser (HD)” [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXZ-BEQdeqU&t=2s
Fig. 4.7.3. Grand Prismatic Hot Spring, Yellowstone National Park.
- Jim Peaco. (2001, Jul 1). “Grand Prismatic Spring.” [Online Image]. NPS. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring#/media/File:Grand_prismatic_spring.jpg Public Domain.
Fig. 4.7.4. Snow monkeys relaxing in a Japanese hot spring.
- Yosemite. (2005, Feb 14). “Jigokudani hotspring in Nagano Japan 001.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jigokudani_hotspring_in_Nagano_Japan_001.jpg CC BY-SA.
Fig. 4.7.5. Bulletin warning to avoid stepping away from the solid pathways at Yellowstone National Park.
- Charlene Estrada. (2016). “Yellowstone Park Warning.” [Online Image]. Thriving Near Volcanoes. https://open.maricopa.edu/app/uploads/sites/119/2021/03/IMG_1281-scaled.jpeg CC BY.
Fig. 4.7.6. Verde Hot Springs soaking pool in Northern Arizona.
- Charlene Estrada. (2009). “Verde Hot Springs.” [Online Image]. Thriving Near Volcanoes. https://open.maricopa.edu/app/uploads/sites/119/2021/03/Pictures-off-my-camera-FINALLY-176-scaled.jpeg CC BY.
Fig. 4.7.7. Durable granite brick wall.
- Man vyi. (2005, Jun 22).”Granite_wall_of_chapel_La_Hougue_Bie,_Jersey.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granite_wall_of_chapel_La_Hougue_Bie,_Jersey.jpg Public Domain.
Fig. 4.7.8. Sunset Crater Visitor Center Interactive Exhibit.
- NPS. (n.d.). “Interactive Exhibits.” [Online Image]. NPS. https://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery-item.htm?pg=1847695&id=D1593A2F-155D-451F-672B00006E2C7739&gid=D15939D5-155D-451F-67F912C611D91CC3 Public Domain.
Fig. 4.7.9. Schematic explaining how volcanic activity/ geothermal energy can generate power.
- Rxn111130. (2015, Dec 7). “Geothermal Energy.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal-energy.png CC BY-SA.
Fig. 4.7.10. A geothermal power station found in Iceland.
- Gretar Ívarsson. (2006, Oct 6). “NesjavellirPowerPlant edit2.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg Public Domain.
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