The following resources have been used for research, starting points, and inspiration for this chapter and are available to all under Fair Use or Creative Commons Licensing. Unless otherwise noted in Attributed References or Media Assets, materials have been significantly reworked by this text’s author.

Estrada, C. F., Londono-Michel, C. and Wilson, M. (June 7, 2021). Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change. https://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Panchuck, K. (2022). Physical geology (H5P edition). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Panchuck, K. (2022). Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

United States Geological Survey (USGS) is licensed under Public Domain.

Media Assets

All images, videos, animations, and H5P activities within this chapter are licensed under Public Domain, Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.

2

Figure 2.1 Eruption of Fuego volcano.

• Sebold, K. (Mar 30, 2013). Fuego_Eruption. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuego_Eruption.jpg CC BY 3.0

2.1

Figure 2.1.1 Mauna Loa shield volcano. Image by David Boyle, NPS, Public Domain.

Figure 2.1.2 Iliamna Stratovolcano. Image by AVO/USGS, Public Domain.

Figure 2.1.3 Cinder cone volcano, Lassen National Park. Image by NPS, Public Domain.

Figure 2.1.4 Aniakchak Caldera volcano. Image by NPS/M. William, Public Domain.

H5P

• Panchuck, K. (2022). Basic review of volcano types. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022).Types of volcanoes (recognizing images and descriptions) [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-SA 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022).Introductory volcano question set. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0

2.2

Figure 2.2.1 Hawai’i lava flow. Image by Hawai’i Volcano Observatory, Public Domain.

Figure 2.2.2 Bowen’s reaction series. Image by Colivine. Public Domain.

Earth Rocks! Magma Viscosity. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgwfH3wkfA4

H5P Exercises

• Panchuck, K. (2022). Materials making up the three types of volcanoes. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022). Concept check for viscosity. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0

2.3

Figure 2.3.1 Ash burying cars and buildings. Image by USGS, Public Domain.

Figure 2.3.2 Volcanic monitoring types and methods. Image by USGS, Public Domain.

sumon infosec. (Apr 8, 2021). La Soufriere Volcano: St Vincent orders evacuations as volcanic eruption. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3O0-higz7-E

H5P

• Panchuck, K. (2022). Summary of volcano hazards. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022). Predicting volcanic eruptions: earthquakes. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022). Important signs of an eruption: summary. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022). Geologist roles in the context of the La Soufriere eruption of 2021. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0