4.6 References
The following resources have been used for research, starting points, and inspiration for this chapter and are available to all under Fair Use or Creative Commons Licensing. Unless otherwise noted in Attributed References or Media Assets, materials have been significantly reworked by this text’s author.
Estrada, C. F., Londono-Michel, C. and Wilson, M. (June 7, 2021). Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change. https://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
United States Geological Survey (USGS) is licensed under Public Domain.
Text Resources
[1] Estrada, C. F., Londono-Michel, C. and Wilson, M. (June 7, 2021). Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change. https://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Media Assets
All images, videos, animations, and H5P activities within this chapter are licensed under Public Domain, Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.
4
Figure 4.1 The Giant’s Causeway
- Chmee2. (2010, Jan 23). Giant’s Causeway (14). [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giant%27s_Causeway_(14).JPG CC BY-SA 2.0
4.1
Figure 4.1.1 Pizza Dough. Image by Charlene Estrada, Public Domain/CC0.
Figure 4.1.2 Coffee Cups Image by Charlene Estrada Public Domain, CC0.
Figure 4.1.3. Ice cubes. Image by Charlene Estrada, Public Domain/CC0.
4.2
Figure 4.2.1 Coarse-grained igneous texture.
- James St. John. (2019, Sep 3). “Granite 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/48674313252/in/album-72157651212529712/ CC BY 2.0.
Figure 4.2.2 Fine-grained igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2019, Sep 3) “Basalt 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/48674616636/ CC BY 2.0.
Figure 4.2.3 Porphyritic igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2014, Nov 22). “Porphyritic andesite (Kate Peak Formation, Middle Miocene; Lyon County, western Nevada, USA).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15661069958/in/album-72157651212529712/ CC BY 2.0.
Figure 4.2.4 Glassy igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2015, Mar 9). “Black obsidian with streaks of mahogany obsidian.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16768859775/in/album-72157651212529712/ CC BY 2.0.
Figure 4.2.5. Pyroclastic igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2015, Mar 11). “Volcanic breccia with jelly opal (Cenozoic; Mexico).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/16788260245 CC BY 2.0.
Figure 4.2.6 Vesicular igneous rock texture
- James St. John. (2014, Aug 24). “Rhyodacite pumice (late August 1883 eruption of Krakatoa Volcano, Indonesia; collected at Takwa Beach, coastal Kenya, eastern Africa) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15023091491/in/album-72157651212529712/ CC BY 2.0.
Figure 4.2.7 Igneous rock with green crystals
- Sara Carena. (2020, May 8 “Peridotite xenoliths, USA.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/peridotite-xenoliths-usa-1c49a6cb73a349f0a7da14fdd1a6e7ba CC BY-NC.
Figure 4.2.8 Light tan igneous rock
- Dr. Parvinder Sethi. (2020, Sep 13). “Rhyolite / RU Geology / by Grace Psenicska.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/rhyolite-ru-geology-by-grace-psenicska-a0b3c6df003a4e71859da28686abeea9 CC BY.
Figure 4.2.9 Dark igneous rock with holes
- Sara Carena. (2021, Mar 19). “Scoriaceous basalt, Spain.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/scoriaceous-basalt-spain-2aaf28c806c24830a0fb512cbeb10a88 CC BY-NC.
Figure 4.2.10 Tan igneous rock with sharp fragments
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Apr 23). “Rhyolite tuff #10 04-23-2020.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/rhyolite-tuff-10-04-23-2020-dc53b855efa5433987778b0c38c47432 CC BY.
Figure 4.2.11 Dark glassy igneous rock
- jonathan.davidson. (2018, Mar 1). “Obsidian.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/obsidian-66b9a744a4ce436cb08b285c1555f0ef CC BY.
Figure 4.2.12 Gray/tan igneous rock with both fine and coarse grains
- Sara Carena. (2020, Jul 30). “Basaltic Andesite Spain.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/basaltic-andesite-spain-4ac59e24353d41f8b631aa02c1b0ec1a CC BY-NC.
4.3
Figure 4.3.1 Felsic light tan rock
- Michael C. Rygel. (n.d.). Pink Rhyolite. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PinkRhyolite.tif/lossy-page1-1280px-PinkRhyolite.tif.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0
Figure 4.3.2 Intermediate gray rock
- Laedril1660. (n.d.). Andezit_tasi_122. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Andezit_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1_122.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0
Figure 4.3.3 Dark mafic rock
- n.d. Olivine Basalt. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Olivine_basalt.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0
Figure 4.3.4 Classification of igneous rock composition.
- Karla Panchuk. (2018). “classification-simplified_revised.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology, First University of Saskatchewan Edition. https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/7-3-classification-of-igneous-rocks-2/ CC BY 4.0
Figure 4.3.5 Black and white grained igneous rock
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Apr 20). “Diorite 25.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/diorite-25-04-20-2020-4f0f2b158f6f42a49550a059b13e4759 CC BY.
Figure 4.3.6 Light tan igneous rock
- Dr. Parvinder Sethi. (2020, Sep 13). “Rhyolite / RU Geology / by Grace Psenicska.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/rhyolite-ru-geology-by-grace-psenicska-a0b3c6df003a4e71859da28686abeea9 CC BY.
Figure 4.3.7 Dark igneous rock with holes
- Sara Carena. (2021, Mar 19). “Scoriaceous basalt, Spain.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/scoriaceous-basalt-spain-2aaf28c806c24830a0fb512cbeb10a88 CC BY-NC.
Figure 4.3.8 Light coarse-grained igneous rock.
- Digital Atlas of Ancient Life. (2020, Jun 14). “Granite.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/granite-ed0d206cc713484da07fa6cb645ec875 CC BY-SA.
Figure 4.3.9 Gray porphyritic rock
- WVU Volcanology and Petrology Lab (2020, Mar 17). “andesite (plagioclase porphyritic)” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/andesite-plagioclase-porphyritic-42e0782f1cb14ad580d6e1d815b0d399 CC BY.
Figure 4.3.10 Greenish dark igneous rock
- Sara Carena. (2020, Jun 9). “Gabbro, Brazil.” [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gabbro-brazil-e004b43d7b3b4e8da8f3b79418a35134 CC BY-NC.
4.4
Figure 4.4.1 Classification of igneous rock composition.
- Karla Panchuk. (2018). “classification-simplified_revised.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology, First University of Saskatchewan Edition. https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/7-3-classification-of-igneous-rocks-2/ CC BY 4.0
Figure 4.4.2 Orthoclase
- John Bosworth. “Orthoclase. Registration no. M 44707.” [Online Image]. Museum Victoria Collections. https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/specimens/47439 CC BY 4.0.
Figure 4.4.3 Muscovite mica
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Apr 20). “Muscovite 04-20-2020.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/muscovite-04-20-2020-8588fb59d0f2492cb8dc3fd7e423a88f CC BY.
Figure 4.4.4 Biotite mica
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Jul 6). “Biotite #3094 07-06-2020.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/biotite-3094-07-06-2020-1e06947d652846ec9e65da8faadde47a CC BY.
Figure 4.4.5 Quartz
- University Libraries at Virgina Tech. (2018, Nov 26). Quartz Cluster. [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/quartz-cluster-8a863657e61949dc8ad519d868b74a02 CC BY
Figure 4.4.6 Plagioclase feldspar
- rockdoc. (Aug 10, 2020). plagioclase. [Online Model]. SketchFab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/plagioclase-a62ef54936ea48898fbf89b36f8e1303 CC BY-SA.
Figure 4.4.7 Amphibole
- Robert Lavinsky. (2016, Apr 11). “File:Magnesio-hornblende (cropped).png” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74129420 CC BY-SA 3.0
Figure 4.4.8 Pyroxene
- Robert M. Lavinsky. (2010, May 27). “Enstatite-pas-146a.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enstatite-pas-146a.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 4.4.9 Olivine
- UQ School of Earth and Environmental Science. (2020, Oct 27). “Olivine.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/olivine-e7fcbc0c23704f91ace1653c7275ae4b CC BY.
Figure 4.4.10 Mineral Content of different igneous rocks
- Julie Anne Workman. (Jun 1, 2010). Mineral content of igneous rocks. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mineral_content_of_igneous_rocks.svg CC BY-SA 3.0
Figure 4.4.11 Close-up of felsic coarse-grained igneous rock
- James St. John. (2019, Sep 3). “Granite 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/48674313252/in/album-72157651212529712/ CC BY 2.0.
Figure 4.4.13 Close up of intermediate igneous rock with black and white grains. Image by Thomas Leonard Watson, Public Domain.
4.5
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 1. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3bA0iJpXac
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 2. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/n7fc076Tcr0
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 3. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Cm8rlFRjj0g
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 4. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/hjCDTQzPR0A
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 5. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/8RANS90dMVM
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 6. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/LFS6EEGlbVI
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 7. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/YTQjOXjQ4Sw
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 8. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/O4BoGgMku2A
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 9. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/OO1yvQaxxtw
Charlene Estrada. (Aug 26, 2020). Igneous Rock 10. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/ty5sxMxIKEA
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