3.7 References

The following resources have been used for research, starting points, and inspiration for this chapter and are available to all under Fair Use or Creative Commons Licensing. Unless otherwise noted in Attributed References or Media Assets, materials have been significantly reworked by this text’s author.

Estrada, C. F., Londono-Michel, C. and Wilson, M. (June 7, 2021). Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change. https://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Panchuck, K. (2022). Physical geology (H5P edition). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Panchuck, K. (2022). Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

United States Geological Survey (USGS) is licensed under Public Domain.

Text Resources

[1] Estrada, C. F., Londono-Michel, C. and Wilson, M. (June 7, 2021). Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change. https://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Media Assets

All images, videos, animations, and H5P activities within this chapter are licensed under Public Domain, Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.

3

Figure 3.1 The mineral vanadinite.

3.1

Figure 3.1.1 The Periodic Table of Elements. Image by Offnfopt, Public Domain.

Riggs, W. (Dec 16, 2014). Chem 4-Elections. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVj93m_EjpE

Figure 3.1.2 Schematic of metallic bonding. Image by JackfromReedsburg Public Domain, CC0.

Figure 3.1.3 Hydrogen bonding in water. Image by Benjah-bmm27, Public Domain.

H5P

3.2

Figure 3.2.1 Crystal structure of malachite. Image by Kent G. Budge, Public Domain.

H5P Exercises

3.3

Figure 3.3.1 Adamantine diamond

Figure 3.3.2 Vitreous quartz

Figure 3.3.3 Selenite with silky luster

Figure 3.3.4 Greasy graphite

Figure 3.3.5 Mimetite with waxy luster

Figure 3.3.6 Kaolinite with dull luster

Figure 3.3.7 Pyrite with metallic luster

Figure 3.3.8 Green malachite and blue azurite

Figure 3.3.9 Quartz with many different colors

Figure 3.3.10 Pyrite and Rhodochrosite streak

H5P

3.4

Figure 3.4.1 Conchoidal fracture in quartz

Figure 3.4.2 Cubic halite

Cash, J. (Aug 26, 2020). Demonstrations of mineral cleavage. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iycXcQnf75s

Figure 3.4.3 Muscovite with basal cleavage

Figure 3.4.4 Orthoclase feldspar, 2-directional cleavage

Figure 3.4.5 Albite feldspar, 2-directional cleavage

Figure 3.4.6 Halite with cubic cleavage

Figure 3.4.7 Calcite with rhombohedral cleavage

Figure 3.4.8 Fluorite with octahedral cleavage

Figure 3.4.9 Sample 1 Platy mineral

Figure 3.4.10 Sample 2 Clustered white mineral

Figure 3.4.11 Sample 3, Transparent broken mineral

Figure 3.4.12 Mohs Hardness Scale. Image by USGS and NPS, Public Domain

H5P

3.5

Figure 3.5.1 Prism-shaped quartz crystal

Figure 3.5.2 Prismatic quartz

Figure 3.5.3 Acicular rutile

Figure 3.5.4 Micaceous muscovite

  • Jeff-o-matic. (2007, Dec 23). “Muscovite 1a.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/18903185@N07/2166409762 CC BY-NC 2.0.

Figure 3.5.5 Botryoidal hemimorphite

Figure 3.5.6 Equant zircons

Figure 3.5.7 Bladed diopside

Figure 3.5.8 Massive cobaltite

Figure 3.5.9 Black biotite

Figure 3.5.10 White kaolinite

  • James St. John. (Feb 5, 2017). Kaolinite (Cretaceous; Twiggs County, Georgia, USA). [Online Image]. WordPress. https://wordpress.org/openverse/image/dde22113-33ea- 40ef-bf43-b13bb87513cc/?referrer=creativecommons.org

Figure 3.5.11 Transparent cluster of crystals

Figure 3.5.12 Bubbly fluorescent mineral

Figure 3.5.13 Needle-like mineral fibers

Figure 3.5.14 Magnetic magnetite

Figure 3.5.15 Fluorescent minerals

Charlene Estrada. (Jun 3, 2021). Calcite Effervescence. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/7ZsczRJp8WM CC BY

Figure 3.5.16 Calcite double refraction

Figure 3.5.17 Ulexite TV Stone

Figure 3.5.18 Silky white asbestos. Image by Aram Dulyan, Public Domain.

Figure 3.5.19 Sulfur. Image by Smithsonian Institution, Public Domain.

Figure 3.5.20 Realgar. Image by Gery Parent, Public Domain.

Figure 3.5.21 Uranophane

Figure 3.5.22 Vanadinite

3.6

Figure 3.6.1 Biotite model

Figure 3.6.2 Calcite model

Figure 3.6.3 Corundum

Figure 3.6.4 Fluorite

Figure 3.6.5 Gypsum model

Figure 3.6.6 Rock Salt/Halite model

Figure 3.6.7 Magnetite

Figure 3.6.8 Muscovite model

Figure 3.6.9 Olivine model

Figure 3.6.10 Plagioclase/moonstone

  • James St. John. (2012, May 7). “Moonstone (iridescent peristerite-oligoclase feldspar) (Chupa Pegmatite Field, Mesoproterozoic, 1.75 to 2.10 Ga; at or near Chupa Bay, Karelia, Russia) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/14936848270 CC BY 2.0.

Figure 3.6.11 Pyrite model

Figure 3.6.12 Quartz model

Figure 3.6.13 Sulfur model

H5P

 

 

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