The following resources have been used for research, starting points, and inspiration for this chapter and are available to all under Fair Use or Creative Commons Licensing. Unless otherwise noted in Attributed References or Media Assets, materials have been significantly reworked by this text’s author.

Estrada, C. F., Londono-Michel, C. and Wilson, M. (June 7, 2021). Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change. https://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Panchuck, K. (2022). Physical geology (H5P edition). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Panchuck, K. (2022). Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

United States Geological Survey (USGS) is licensed under Public Domain.

Text Resources

[1] Earthquakes. (Oct 27, 2021). Ready.Gov. Accessed May 21, 2022 from https://www.ready.gov/earthquakes?gclid=Cj0KCQjw-daUBhCIARIsALbkjSZbWdoKJTfLsSd4R7lSFE5DxQ_CoQYACTRwKfazGYrYDX_0av9OmR4aAoPQEALw_wcB 

Media Assets

All images, videos, animations, and H5P activities within this chapter are licensed under Public Domain, Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.

8

Figure 8.1 Damage from the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. Image by USGS, Public Domain/CC0.

8.1

Figure 8.1.1 Elastic rebound.

• Hsu.shihhung. (Oct 14, 2006). Elastic rebound. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elastic_rebound.jpg CC BY-SA 2.0

Figure 7.1.2 History of key events on Earth. Image by Woudloper, Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain.

OER Project. (Sep 5, 2014). Crash Course Big History #5: The Evolutionary Epic. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRjGX8ms01o&t=328s

H5P

• Panchuck, K. (2022). What is an earthquake? (summary). [H5P Exercise]. Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0

8.2

meriSTEM Education. (Jan 20, 2021). Amplitude, wavelength, period and frequency: Waves and Optics. [Online Video] YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wzLrG61OVg CC BY

Figure 8.2.1 Seismograph

• Yamaguchi. (Aug 25, 2006). Kinematics seismograph. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kinemetrics_seismograph.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.

Dezign Ark. (Apr 17, 2020). 1.2 Seismic Waves. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m68K6qqKyko CC BY

Figure 8.2.2. Diagram of seismic wave velocity in Earth’s interior. Image by Ingo Wöbern. Public Domain.

H5P

• Panchuck, K. (2022). Seismic waves in action. [H5P Exercise]. Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022). Seismic wave types (summary). [H5P Exercise]. Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022). Damage from types of seismic waves. [H5P Exercise]. Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0

8.3

Figure 8.3.1 How Richter Scale Magnitude is Determined.

• Benjamin J. Burger. (Jun 12, 2020). How the Richter Magnitude Scale is determined. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:How-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale-is-determined.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.

Aida Awad. [Oct 2, 2013). Earthquakes & Earth’s Interior video 2. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMfVFBkF33I CC BY.

Figure 8.3.2 The S-P interval from two seismic stations.

• Benjamin J. Burger. (Jun 12, 2020). S-P interval seismogram distance to earthquake. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Planet_Earth/6d._You_Can%E2%80%99t_Fake_an_Earthquake:_How_to_Read_a_Seismograph.#/media/File:S-P-interval-seismogram-distance-to-earthquake.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.

H5P

• Panchuck, K. (2022). Distinguishing foreshocks, mainshocks, and aftershocks. [H5P Exercise]. Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-SA 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022). Applying USGS “Did You Feel It” output to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. [H5P Exercise]. Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022). Locating earthquakes (summary). [H5P Exercise]. Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
• Panchuck, K. (2022). Using earthquakes to map out plate boundaries. [H5P Exercise]. Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0

8.4

Figure 8.4.1 Map of global seismicity. Image by the Earthquake Seismic Center, Public Domain.

Figure 8.4.2 Collapsed building from Port-au-Prince Earthquake. Image by USGS, Public Domain.

Figure 8.4.3 Emergency supply kit. Image by Ready.gov, Public Domain.

8.5

Cal OES. (Mar 27, 2017). OES News In Depth: California Tsunami Questions Answered. [Online Video] YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dlN_03nvpI CC BY

usoceangov. (Aug 24, 2019). Tsunami Fast Draw. [Online Video] YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZaUABl8JC4 CC BY

H5P

• Panchuck, K. (2022). Concept check: tsunami. [H5P Exercise]. Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0