3.7 References
The following resources have been used for research, starting points, and inspiration for this chapter and are available to all under Fair Use or Creative Commons Licensing. Unless otherwise noted in Attributed References or Media Assets, materials have been significantly reworked by this text’s author.
Estrada, C. F., Londono-Michel, C. and Wilson, M. (June 7, 2021). Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change. https://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Panchuck, K. (2022). Physical geology (H5P edition). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Panchuck, K. (2022). Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
United States Geological Survey (USGS) is licensed under Public Domain.
Text Resources
[1] Estrada, C. F., Londono-Michel, C. and Wilson, M. (June 7, 2021). Dynamic Planet: Exploring Geological Disasters and Environmental Change. https://open.maricopa.edu/hazards/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Media Assets
All images, videos, animations, and H5P activities within this chapter are licensed under Public Domain, Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.
3
Figure 3.1 The mineral vanadinite.
- Leidus, I. (Feb 8, 2021). Vanadinite-ACF mine, Mibladen, Morocco. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vanadinite_-_ACF_mine,_Mibladen,_Morocco.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0
3.1
Figure 3.1.1 The Periodic Table of Elements. Image by Offnfopt, Public Domain.
Riggs, W. (Dec 16, 2014). Chem 4-Elections. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVj93m_EjpE
Figure 3.1.2 Schematic of metallic bonding. Image by JackfromReedsburg Public Domain, CC0.
Figure 3.1.3 Hydrogen bonding in water. Image by Benjah-bmm27, Public Domain.
H5P
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Periodic Table Practice: Common elements in the story of big bang and stellar nucleosynthesis [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Types of chemical bonds [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Anionic groups. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-SA 4.0
- Panchuck, K. (2022). More practice with anionic groups. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
3.2
Figure 3.2.1 Crystal structure of malachite. Image by Kent G. Budge, Public Domain.
H5P Exercises
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Rock versus mineral. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Definition of a Mineral. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-SA 4.0
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Rock or mineral?. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
3.3
Figure 3.3.1 Adamantine diamond
- EEAR. (n.d.). “Diamond Shiny Baby.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/illustrations/diamond-shiny-baby-wealth-wealthy-807979/ CC 0 Public Domain
Figure 3.3.2 Vitreous quartz
- Stux. (n.d.). “pure-quartz-1151426_640.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/pure-quartz-rock-crystal-mineral-1151426/ CC0 Public Domain.
Figure 3.3.3 Selenite with silky luster
- Ra’ike. (2006, Dec 27). “Selenite Gips Marienglas.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selenite_Gips_Marienglas.jpg CC0 Public Domain.
Figure 3.3.4 Greasy graphite
- James St. John. (2012, Nov 17). “Graphite (Sri Lanka) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/17364736943 CC BY 2.0.
Figure 3.3.5 Mimetite with waxy luster
- Rob Lavinsky. (2010, May 28). “Mimetite-uri-04d.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10476569 CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 3.3.6 Kaolinite with dull luster
- James St. John. (2017, Feb 5). “Kaolinite (Cretaceous; Twiggs County, Georgia, USA).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32350111650 CC BY 2.0.
Figure 3.3.7 Pyrite with metallic luster
- RadiolArt. (n.d.). “Pyrite Crystal Nature.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/pyrite-crystal-nature-173716/ CC0 Public Domain.
Figure 3.3.8 Green malachite and blue azurite
- James St. John. (2013, Feb 9). “Malachite and Azurite.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/8458721615/in/album-72157632725702927/ CC BY 2.0.
Figure 3.3.9 Quartz with many different colors
- Mauro Cateb. (2011, Jan 3). “Pebbles of the Quartz Group.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mauroescritor/6390595011/in/photostream/ CC BY 2.0
Figure 3.3.10 Pyrite and Rhodochrosite streak
- Ra’ike. (2010, Jun 16). “Streak plate with Pyrite and Rhodochrosite.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Streak_plate_with_Pyrite_and_Rhodochrosite.jpg CC BY SA 3.0.
H5P
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Mineral Background. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-SA 4.0
3.4
Figure 3.4.1 Conchoidal fracture in quartz
- James St. John. (2021, Feb 1). “Quartz 23.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/50903626441/ CC BY 2.0
Figure 3.4.2 Cubic halite
- Rob Lavinsky. (n.d.). Halite-249324. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halite#/media/File:Halite-249324.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0
Cash, J. (Aug 26, 2020). Demonstrations of mineral cleavage. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iycXcQnf75s
Figure 3.4.3 Muscovite with basal cleavage
- B. Domangue. (2021, Feb 16). “Mica-Silicate Mineral.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mica_-_Silicate_Mineral.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 3.4.4 Orthoclase feldspar, 2-directional cleavage
- Steven Earle. (n.d.). “K-feldspar cleavage.” [Online Image]. Physical Geology – 2nd Edition. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/2-6-mineral-properties/ CC BY.
Figure 3.4.5 Albite feldspar, 2-directional cleavage
- USGS. (2005, Jan 7). “Plagioclase Feldspar USGOV.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PlagioclaseFeldsparUSGOV.jpg Public Domain.
Figure 3.4.6 Halite with cubic cleavage
- Jamain. (2017, Aug 4). “1456px-Halite_J1a.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halite_J1a.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 3.4.7 Calcite with rhombohedral cleavage
- James St. John. (2017, Jan 7). “Rhombohedral cleavage fragments of calcite.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32052216331/ CC BY 2.0
Figure 3.4.8 Fluorite with octahedral cleavage
- Ra’ike. (2007, Oct 6). “Fluorite colorless octahedron.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fluorite-colorless-octahedron.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 3.4.9 Sample 1 Platy mineral
- Pascal Terjan. (Apr 7, 2012). Mica. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mica_(6911818878).jpg CC BY-SA 2.0
Figure 3.4.10 Sample 2 Clustered white mineral
- Rob Lavinsky. (n.d.). Calcite-Quartz-283992. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcite-Quartz-283992.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 3.4.11 Sample 3, Transparent broken mineral
- James St. John. (Feb 1, 2021). Quartz 16. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quartz_16.jpg CC BY 2.0.
Figure 3.4.12 Mohs Hardness Scale. Image by USGS and NPS, Public Domain
H5P
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Olivine and Halite Crystals. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-SA 4.0
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Testing for hardness. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-SA 4.0
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Mohs hardness: Calcite versus quartz. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
3.5
Figure 3.5.1 Prism-shaped quartz crystal
- James St. John. (Jan 24, 2017). Quartz Crystal. [Online Image]. Wikimedia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quartz_crystal_(32511707075).jpg CC BY 2.0
Figure 3.5.2 Prismatic quartz
- Ren_mch. (n.d.). “Mineral Quartz Crystal.” [Online Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/mineral-quartz-crystal-gem-stone-5248231/ CC0 Public Domain.
Figure 3.5.3 Acicular rutile
- cobalt123. (2013, Feb 8). “Rutile Crystals.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/66606673@N00/8471241610 CC BY-SA-NC 3.0.
Figure 3.5.4 Micaceous muscovite
- Jeff-o-matic. (2007, Dec 23). “Muscovite 1a.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/18903185@N07/2166409762 CC BY-NC 2.0.
Figure 3.5.5 Botryoidal hemimorphite
- cobalt123. (2019, Feb 9). “Hemimorphite, China.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/66606673@N00/47010835832 CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.
Figure 3.5.6 Equant zircons
- James St. John. (2017, Feb 3). “Zircon.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32677416715 CC BY 2.0.
Figure 3.5.7 Bladed diopside
- Didier Descouens. (2011, Feb 27). “Diopside Aoste.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14047390 CC BY-SA 3.0
Figure 3.5.8 Massive cobaltite
- James St. John. (2016, Apr 4). “Cobaltite (Frontier Mine, Ontario, Canada) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/26233803605 CC BY 2.0.
Figure 3.5.9 Black biotite
- James St. John. (Oct 5, 2011). Biotite Mica 3. [Online Image]. WordPress. https://wordpress.org/openverse/image/e6178ed1-3de3-4a69-be07-cf7eb7dccbb4/ CC BY 2.0
Figure 3.5.10 White kaolinite
- James St. John. (Feb 5, 2017). Kaolinite (Cretaceous; Twiggs County, Georgia, USA). [Online Image]. WordPress. https://wordpress.org/openverse/image/dde22113-33ea- 40ef-bf43-b13bb87513cc/?referrer=creativecommons.org
Figure 3.5.11 Transparent cluster of crystals
- Rob Lavinsky. (n.d.). Baryte-171997. [Online Image]. WordPress. https://wordpress.org/openverse/image/dc3ca8ac-b021-475c-9e30-6d07f9f398aa/ CC BY-SA 3.0
Figure 3.5.12 Bubbly fluorescent mineral
- someHerrings. (May 3, 2012). Rockyard Botryoidal Geode-UV. [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/28617364@N04/7140307873 CC BY-NC-SA
Figure 3.5.13 Needle-like mineral fibers
- Rob Lavinsky. (n.d.). Millerite-Quartz 232902. [Online Image]. Wikimedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Millerite-Quartz-232902.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 3.5.14 Magnetic magnetite
- Shaun Wood. (2008, Jun 28). “Lodestone.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/31191972@N04/3205036688 CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.
Figure 3.5.15 Fluorescent minerals
- Cran Cowan. (2011, May 23). “Fluorescent Mineral Group #12 – UV.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/28617364@N04/5748883127/in/photostream/ CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
Charlene Estrada. (Jun 3, 2021). Calcite Effervescence. [Online Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/7ZsczRJp8WM CC BY
Figure 3.5.16 Calcite double refraction
- Furrfu. (2010, Mar 6). “3310.calcite_(Iceland_Spar)_birefringence.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3310.calcite_(Iceland_Spar)_birefringence.jpg Public Domain.
Figure 3.5.17 Ulexite TV Stone
- Piotr Sosnowski. (2008, Sep 3). “Ulexyt z boku.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulexyt_z_boku.jpg CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 3.5.18 Silky white asbestos. Image by Aram Dulyan, Public Domain.
Figure 3.5.19 Sulfur. Image by Smithsonian Institution, Public Domain.
Figure 3.5.20 Realgar. Image by Gery Parent, Public Domain.
Figure 3.5.21 Uranophane
- Rob Lavinsky. (n.d.). Uranophane-gw01c. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranophane-gws01c.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 3.5.22 Vanadinite
- Gery Perent. (Aug 16, 2011). Vanadinite 11. [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vanadinite_11.jpg CC BY-SA 3.0.
3.6
Figure 3.6.1 Biotite model
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Jul 6). “Biotite #3094 07-06-2020.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/biotite-3094-07-06-2020-1e06947d652846ec9e65da8faadde47a CC BY.
Figure 3.6.2 Calcite model
- Dr. Parvinder Sethi. (2020, Oct 16). “Calcite / RU Geology / by Grace Psenicska.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/calcite-ru-geology-by-grace-psenicska-77c2e06d0bc84b6891f1d7dfaa22f81a CC BY.
Figure 3.6.3 Corundum
- Orbital Joe. (2005, Aug 30). “Corundum (RUBY).” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/orbitaljoe/38724606/in/photolist-4qttC-4qttD-9bHu8-jitPH9-2kTWrCU-58Nim-6kHym-b7oKR-bam98k-b7oKQ-6kHyh-85Fg3p-6kHyi-6kHyk-2hSDepN-2isg3rA-4zgqM-2irHWR9-4zgqL-4zgqN-c6E9Jw-2hSFKZK-2kRvNo8-2hSDssB-2irHWTU-2hSH3EC-2ePAv-p1bJdf-er7wS3-eqbdQn-2kqb6M4-79UqQM-2irHWK7-eqbfSR-2jD6izA-er7yqo-Jjax8q-DqYiP-TPLCnq-c6E6Uf-2isjP18-2isg44H-2isiGhE-4svhBW-2isjNmc-4yvaWc-2enev1E-6nDfDP-2hSFLBG-2kRrEmF CC BY-NC-ND.
Figure 3.6.4 Fluorite
- James St. John. (2017, May 6). “Fluorite (Denton Mine, near Cave-in-Rock, Illinois, USA) 2” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/34177670250 CC BY 2.0.
Figure 3.6.5 Gypsum model
- EDUROCK – EDUCATIONAL VIRTUAL ROCK COLLECTION. (2019, Sep 9). “Gypsum.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gypsum-de785119fe014b5e998a17e0fdcf6850 CC BY.
Figure 3.6.6 Rock Salt/Halite model
- rockdoc. (2020, Aug 11). “halite.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/halite-323cf8eb403d459e9d0359d68ab1cf1d CC BY-NC
Figure 3.6.7 Magnetite
- Rob Lavinsky. (2010, Apr 26). “File:Magnetite-118736.jpg.” [Online Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetite-118736.jpg CC-BY-SA-3.0
Figure 3.6.8 Muscovite model
- rocksandminerals. (2020, Apr 20). “Muscovite 04-20-2020.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/muscovite-04-20-2020-8588fb59d0f2492cb8dc3fd7e423a88f CC BY.
Figure 3.6.9 Olivine model
- UQ School of Earth and Environmental Science. (2020, Oct 27). “Olivine.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/olivine-e7fcbc0c23704f91ace1653c7275ae4b CC BY.
Figure 3.6.10 Plagioclase/moonstone
- James St. John. (2012, May 7). “Moonstone (iridescent peristerite-oligoclase feldspar) (Chupa Pegmatite Field, Mesoproterozoic, 1.75 to 2.10 Ga; at or near Chupa Bay, Karelia, Russia) 2.” [Online Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/14936848270 CC BY 2.0.
Figure 3.6.11 Pyrite model
- Earth Sciences, University of Newcastle. (2018, Feb 1). “Pyrite.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/pyrite-0e605ac65952494ab6c2526bb90fa283 CC BY-NC.
Figure 3.6.12 Quartz model
- geolab.unilasalle. (2019, Dec 21). Quartz Crystals. [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/quartz-crystals-8a6c7eaa97ab4df38a49899f14a4a9df CC BY-NC-SA
Figure 3.6.13 Sulfur model
- rocksandminerals. “Sulfur 6-5.” [Online Model]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/sulfur-6-5-f2399e4c123548cfb188c28dd72f0622 CC BY.
H5P
- Panchuck, K. (2022). Common rock-building minerals. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY-SA 4.0
- Tanesha’s Messed Up Collection. Adapted from: Panchuck, K. (2022). Finn’s Messed up Collection. [H5P Exercise] Physical geology (H5P edition V.1.1). BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyh5p/ CC BY 4.0
- Mineral Identification Exercises sourced from OtTer2 Explorer Stele, Scottsdale Community College Geology. https://wwwi.scottsdalecc.edu/otter2/