10.16 Attributions and References

Charlene Estrada; Carolina Londono Michel; Merry Wilson; Jeff Simpson; Mike Santoro; Katherine J. Megivern

10.16 Attributions and References

Creative Commons Attributions for Chapter Text

The following resources have been used for research, starting points, and inspiration for this chapter and are available to all under Fair Use or Creative Commons licensing. Unless otherwise noted in Attributed References or Media Assets, materials have been significantly reworked by the authors of this text.

Introduction

¹The Scientists Hired by Big Oil Who Predicted the Climate Crisis Long Ago

² A Brief History of Climate Science Denial by John Cook

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¹ An Introduction to Geology by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, Cam Mosher / CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

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[2] Natural Disasters and Human Impacts by R. Adam Dastrup, MA, GISP is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[3] Physical Geology – 2nd Edition by Steven Earle is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[4] Earth Science by Lumen Learning is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[5] Geology by Lumen Learning is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[6] Introduction to Environmental Science. 2nd Ed by Zehnder, C., Manoylov, K., Mutiti, S., Mutiti, C., VandeVoort, A. Galeleo Open Learning Materials is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

[7] Introduction to Oceanography. by Webb, P. Roger Williams University. Creative Commons Attribution.

Media Assets

Images, videos, animations, and H5P activities in this chapter are licensed under Creative Commons, or in rare circumstances, Fair Use.

Figure 10.1 Our World in Data by Hannah Ritchie / CC-BY

Figure 10.2 Virgin Forest in United States by William B. Greeley, U.S. Forest Service / Public Domain

Figure 10.3 Chinese coal miners in an illustration of the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, published in 1637 / Public Domain

Figure 10. 4 Total US coal production, 1870–2018 by JUTIONFO / CC BY-SA 4.0

Figure 10.5 The Refining Process / OilTanking.com

Figure 10.6 Energy Use Per Person by Hannah Ritchie / CC-BY

Figure 10.7 Human Power Shower – Bang Goes The Theory – BBC One /

Figure 10.8 The Greenhouse Gas Demo by Eric Christensen /

Figure 10.9 Svanate Arrhenius and Carbon Dioxide / Public Domain

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Figure 10.2.1 Bituminous Coal by Amcyrus2012 / CC BY 4.0

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Figure 10.2.3 A Lump of Peat by David Stanley / CC BY 2.0

Figure 10.2.4 Peat gatherers at Westhay, Somerset Levels in 1905 by Alexander Eric Hasse / Public Domain

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Figure 10.2.6 Coastal exposure of the Point Aconi Seam in Nova Scotia by Rygel, M.C. / CC BY-SA 3.0

Figure 10.2.7 A surface coal mine in Wyoming, United States / Public Domain

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Figure 10.2.10 Underground and Surface Mining Methods / Public Domain

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Figure 10.2.12 Bursting at the Seams by Heinrich Boll Stiftung / CC-BY-SA 3.0

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Fig 10.1 NASA/ Solar Dynamics Observatory. (2010). The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory – 20100819.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 3, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg

The Sun photographed from space, our star fuels most of Earth’s processes.

Fig 10.2 left: NASA .(2012). Ocean phytoplankton bloom feed by the Amazon River.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 3, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg Right: NASA (2010). Phytoplankton types.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 3, 2021,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phytoplankton_types.jpg

Phytoplankton (right) are micro-organisms that obtain their energy directly from the sun. The image shows a few of them seen through a microscope. Left. The bright colors in the satellite image illuminate places rich in Phyto and zooplankton.

Fig 10.3 Eikeskog 1225. (2020).1 Pangea_250.png. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 12, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triassic_250.png#/media/File:Triassic_250.png CC BY-SA 4.0

Map of Early Triassic period showing the configuration of the continents.

Fig 10.4 Earle, S (n.d). The depth and temperature limits for biogenic gas, oil, and thermogenic gas. Physical Geology. – 2nd Edition. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,

A plot with Depth in km to the left and temperature on the other axe showing 3 different colored areas. The areas correspond to the conditions needed to generate biogenic gass, oil and thermogenic gas

Fig 10.5 Earle, S (n.d). Migration of oil and gas from source rocks into traps in reservoir rocks. Physical Geology. – 2nd Edition. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,

A cross-section of rock layers. Source rocks of hydrocarbons are below upper rock units, which host the hydrocarbons that migrated from the source rocks. The host rocks are also known as reservoir rocks.

Fig 10.6 St. John, J. (2021). Bituminous coal (Upper Freeport Coal, Middle Pennsylvanian; Diamond Coal Mine, Linton, Ohio, USA) 5.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 12, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bituminous_coal_(Upper_Freeport_Coal,_Middle_Pennsylvanian;_Diamond_Coal_Mine,_Linton,_Ohio,_USA)_5.jpg

A picture of a black shiny rock, with horizontal layers. this forms bituminous coal.

Fig 10.7 British Museum. (1900). Postcard, photographic print (BM Am, B73.52) [Photgraphy]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 12, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Postcard,_photographic_print_(BM_Am,B73.52).jpg. Public Domain

This image shows a Diné woman collecting water from a pond. It shows that back in 1900 water occurred at the surface, contrary to today.

Fig 10.8 Howl Arts Collective. (2008). Tar sands in Alberta 2008. [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 12, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tar_sands_in_alberta_2008.jpg, CC-BY 2.0

Fig 10.9 van den Berg, N. (2020). Thailand, Bangkok. Unplash. Retrieved May 31, 2021, https://unsplash.com/photos/2vb-_3t6YCM

Photo of a city covered with smog produced by photochemical contamination.

Fig 10.10 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2011). Pterapod shell dissolved in seawater adjusted to an ocean chemistry projected for the year 2100. jpg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg. Public Domain

A sequence of images showing the progressive dissolution of a pteropod shell subjected to acid water.

Fig 10.11 Techni -Tom, aLBEDO-UKR. (2007). Uranium.gif. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranium.svg#/media/File:Uranium.svg. CC BY-SA 2.5

Uranium symbol, atomic weight and atomic number

Fig 10.12 Zehnder, C., Manoylov, K., Mutiti, S., Mutiti, C., VandeVoort, A., & Bennett, D. (2018). Fission Chain Reaction. Retrieved from https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=biology-textbooks

Concept diagram illustrating the process of a chain reaction of nuclear fission

Fig 10.13 St. John, J. (2015). Carnotite in sandstone (Montrose County, Colorado, USA) 3 (23530017065).jpg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 31, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotite_in_sandstone_(Montrose_County,_Colorado,_USA)_3_(23530017065).jpg CC BY 2.0

Carnotite in sandstone from the Mesozoic of Colorado, USA. (public display, Minnesota Discovery Center, Chisholm, Minnesota, USA). Carnotite is the main uranium ore in the Americas.

Fig 10.14 Zehnder et al, (2018). Triptic composed of three images: Images A and B from NRC (public domain); C from RIA Novosti archive, image #132602 / Ruslan Krivobok / CC-BY-SA 3.0. Retrieved from https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=biology-textbooks p.18.

Uranium Fuel fabrication process. A) Uranium dioxide powder compressed into fuel pellets. B) Fuel pellets stacked and sealed in metal tubes forming fuel rods. C) Fuel rods are bundled into a fuel assembly.

Fig 10.15 Uhlik, C. (2010). Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station. jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 31, 2021 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PaloVerdeNuclearGeneratingStation.jpg#/media/File:PaloVerdeNuclearGeneratingStation.jpg

Aerial view of the Palo Verde nuclear generating station. Nuclear is one of the main sources of energy for Arizona.

Fig 10.16 Plastique (talk). (2009-2010). Uranium production-en.seg. [Diagram]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 6, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranium_production-en.svg

A schematic representation of the process and material inputs used in the production of uranium.

Fig 10.17. AI_HikesAZ. (2011). Image showing a radioactive sign on a trail in the Grand Canyon. [Photograph]. Flickr, retrieved June 6, 2021, https://www.flickr.com/photos/alanenglish/6513573007

The image of radiation on a Grand Canyon trail show how close to this State Park the Uranium mining has been.

Fig 10.18 NASA. (2008). Earth horizon and International Space Station solar panel array (Expedition 17 crew, August 2008).jpg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_horizon_and_International_Space_Station_solar_panel_array_(Expedition_17_crew,_August_2008).jpg

Solar power is not only useful on Earth, but also on space. It powers the International Station and robots exploring other planets.

Fig 10.19 Flores, A. (2007). PS10 Solar power tower [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg

Image of a solar power plant in Spain that generates electricity comercially.

Fig 10.20 Movilidad Sostenible. (2011). BYD F3DM solar panel.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BYD_F3DM_solar_panel.jpg

Another less known application of solar panels: in hybrid vehicles.

Fig 10.21 Energy.gov (2012). Power county wind farm 002.jpg.Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Power_County_Wind_Farm_002.jpg

A wind farm in southern California provides a local example to which many students will relate.

Fig 10.22 U.S. Department of Energy. (2005). Geothermal resource map US.png. [Map]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 7, 2021,

References

Brugge D, Buchner V. Health effects of uranium: new research findings. Rev Environ Health. 2011;26(4):231-49. doi: 10.1515/reveh.2011.032. PMID: 22435323.

Curley, A. (June 28, 2017) The Navajo Nation’s coal economy was built to be exploded. High Country News. https://www.hcn.org/articles/analysis-tribal-affairs-cleaning-up-coal-on-navajo-nation

EIA

Instructor Resources / Jeff’s Links

These new double-duty heat pumps can warm both air and water

Is shore-based wave power the key to unlocking affordable clean energy from the sea?

Energy Slaves: every American has 200 to 8,000 energy slaves

EPA https://www3.epa.gov/region1/airquality/pm-what-is.html

EIA https://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=AZ#tabs-4

Grand Canyon Trust

Kutz, J. (Feb. 1, 2021). The fight for an equitable energy economy for the Navajo Nation. High Country News. https://www.hcn.org/issues/53.2/south-coal-the-fight-for-an-equitable-energy-economy-for-the-navajo-nation

NOAA Ocean acidification program

Our world in data: https://ourworldindata.org/energy: Explore all the metrics – energy production, electricity consumption, and breakdown of fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear energy.

Rainey, J. (2017). Lighting the West, dividing a tribe. NBC news. https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/navajo-coal/

Virtual field trip to a solar farm with Sian Proctor:https://infiniscope.org/lesson/solar-energy-vft/ Educators create a free account on Infiniscope. The videos are also available on Youtube from her channel

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC57yWD0mbTf7xQnE9rMj4Uw